Part 1

Question 1

Kinesiopathology

Answer 1

Bones of spine have lost their normal motion and position. Sets in motion the 4 other components

Question 2

Myopathology

Answer 2

Muscles supporting the spine can weaken, atrophy or become too tight and go into spasm. Scar tissue can limit motion and require multiple adjustments

Question 3

Histopathology

Answer 3

Changes in blood or lymph can cause inflammation and swelling. Discs bulge, herniate, tear or degenerate. Ligaments can be permanently damaged

Question 4

Neuropathology

Answer 4

Improper spinal function can compress, stretch or irritate nerve tissue (spinal nerve or cord)

Question 5

Pathophysiology

Answer 5

Bone spurs or other abnormal bony growths in attempt to fuse long term nerve dysfunction

Question 6

What is the 5 component model to subluxation theory?

Answer 6

Kinesiopathology, myopathology, histopathology, neuropathology, pathophysiology

Question 7

What are the part to the 3D Kent model of subluxation theory?

Answer 7

Dyskinesia, dysponesis, dysautonomia

Question 8

Dyskinesia

Answer 8

Abnormality or impairment in voluntary motion

Question 9

Dysponesia

Answer 9

Reversible physiopathologiv state consisting of unnoticed, misdirected neurophysiologic reactions to various agents

Question 10

Dysautonomia

Answer 10

Neurophysiologic state reflecting abnorma, balance between tone of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS

Question 11

What is themost widely accepted definition of subluxation?

Answer 11

ACC

Question 12

Dysponesia is associated with what theory?

Answer 12

Safety pin cycle theory

Question 13

What is the safety pin cycle theory?

Answer 13

Unnoticed errors in afferent transmission result in covert errors in output, which can lead to disease

Question 14

Abnormal vertebral movement can be broken down into what categories?

Answer 14

Spinal fixation (hypomobility)
Hypermobility due to instability, compensation or trauma

Question 15

Nervecompressio n theory

Answer 15

Impingement occurs when a nerve’s surroundings become confined, or narrowed due to vertebral misalignment or other mechanical factors which can cause a nerve block or nerve irriataion

Question 16

Nerve block

Answer 16

Nerve signalz are stopped

Question 17

Nerve irritation

Answer 17

Send more signals that they should

Question 18

Mechanoreceptor deafferentation theory

Answer 18

This concept suggests that when there is spinal fixation or loss of moveme t, importang nerve signals dont reach the CNS, this can cause balance and equilibrium problems and can affect the part of the brain that influences immunity and personality

Question 19

What are the three parts of the facilitation theory?

Answer 19

Somatosomatic, somatovisceral, viscerosomatic

Question 20

Facilitation theory

Answer 20

The subkuxation complex is a problem of hyperexcitability that disrupts normal reflexes in spinal cord

Question 21

Carver

Answer 21

Basic compensatory scoliosis

Question 22

Jirout

Answer 22

hypomobility in a motion that leads to hypermobility other places

Question 23

Kapanji

Answer 23

Biomechanics (change in central axis of motion)

Question 24

Menelle

Answer 24

Facets, loss of end joint play

Question 25

Suh

Answer 25

Positional dyskonesia

Question 26

Korr

Answer 26

Fixation due to muscles inhibiting muscles, fascilitation

Question 27

Seamen

Answer 27

3D model | somatic dysafferentation

Question 28

Cyriax

Answer 28

Shift fragment of IVD

Question 29

Lewit

Answer 29

Meniscoid entrapment/interarticu,ar phenomena

Question 30

Grostic

Answer 30

Subluxations of cervical spine, particularly C1, can cause the stabilizing attachmentz of the dentate lig. To distort the cord by traction, leading to neural dysfunction

Question 31

Carrick

Answer 31

Chiros dont take pressure off nerves, they put pressure on mechanorecpetors

Question 32

Murphy

Answer 32

Nerve interference Mechanical joint problem--> chronically stressed tissues--> afferent discharge-->efferent reflex-->efferent discharge-->collagen breakdown-->DJD-->radiculopathy and myelopathy

Question 33

Kent

Answer 33

3 component model of subluxation

Question 34

Phase 1 of 4 phase model

Answer 34

0-20 years Motility abberations Bony architecture intact Initial soft tissue changes

Question 35

Response of phase 1 of 4

Answer 35

Return to normal with care in weeks to months, depending on chronicity

Question 36

Phase 2 of 4 phase mode,

Answer 36

20-40 years Phase 1 cha ges plus fibroids Early osseous chsnges on x ray Disc, bony outline changes

Question 37

Response to care for phase 2 of 4

Answer 37

Significant improvement, but long term care over a few years required to halt degeneration, reversal of some chanfes may be possible

Question 38

Phase 3 of 4 model

Answer 38

40-60 years Major degenerative and regenerative changes Beginnings of bony fusion in ant or posg motion units

Question 39

Response in phase 3 of 4

Answer 39

Slow or retard progression of subluxation degeneration, lifetime care

Question 40

Phase 4 of 4 phase model

Answer 40

60+years | All changes of previous phases plus total fusion of motion units

Question 41

Response in phase 4 of 4

Answer 41

None, but care is given to segments not in this phase to retard progress of degeneration in those segments

Question 42

What region of the spine is least likely to have cord compresion?

Answer 42

Lumbosacral

Question 43

What are the conceptual models of degeneration?

Answer 43

Inflammation/immobilization | IVF encroachment/DRG irritation/neudologic model

Question 44

describe phase 1 of the 3 phase model (sandoz)

Answer 44

segmental dysfunctional kinesiopathology pre-radiologic

Question 45

describe phase 2 of the 3 phase model | sandoz

Answer 45

instability cartilage, ligament histopathology "true" subluxation (misalignment)

Question 46

describe phase 3 of the 3 phase model | sandoz

Answer 46

stabilization significant DJD ankylosis

Question 47

somatic dysafferentation

Answer 47

increase in nociceptive afferent impulses from somatic components of motion segments in combination with diminished proprioceptive impulses, primarily from mechanoreceptors

Question 48

Suh

Answer 48

positional dyskonesia