Part 1 Flashcards
Kinesiopathology
Bones of spine have lost their normal motion and position. Sets in motion the 4 other components
Myopathology
Muscles supporting the spine can weaken, atrophy or become too tight and go into spasm. Scar tissue can limit motion and require multiple adjustments
Histopathology
Changes in blood or lymph can cause inflammation and swelling. Discs bulge, herniate, tear or degenerate. Ligaments can be permanently damaged
Neuropathology
Improper spinal function can compress, stretch or irritate nerve tissue (spinal nerve or cord)
Pathophysiology
Bone spurs or other abnormal bony growths in attempt to fuse long term nerve dysfunction
What is the 5 component model to subluxation theory?
Kinesiopathology, myopathology, histopathology, neuropathology, pathophysiology
What are the part to the 3D Kent model of subluxation theory?
Dyskinesia, dysponesis, dysautonomia
Dyskinesia
Abnormality or impairment in voluntary motion
Dysponesia
Reversible physiopathologiv state consisting of unnoticed, misdirected neurophysiologic reactions to various agents
Dysautonomia
Neurophysiologic state reflecting abnorma, balance between tone of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS
What is themost widely accepted definition of subluxation?
ACC
Dysponesia is associated with what theory?
Safety pin cycle theory
What is the safety pin cycle theory?
Unnoticed errors in afferent transmission result in covert errors in output, which can lead to disease
Abnormal vertebral movement can be broken down into what categories?
Spinal fixation (hypomobility) Hypermobility due to instability, compensation or trauma
Nervecompressio n theory
Impingement occurs when a nerve’s surroundings become confined, or narrowed due to vertebral misalignment or other mechanical factors which can cause a nerve block or nerve irriataion
Nerve block
Nerve signalz are stopped
Nerve irritation
Send more signals that they should
Mechanoreceptor deafferentation theory
This concept suggests that when there is spinal fixation or loss of moveme t, importang nerve signals dont reach the CNS, this can cause balance and equilibrium problems and can affect the part of the brain that influences immunity and personality
What are the three parts of the facilitation theory?
Somatosomatic, somatovisceral, viscerosomatic
Facilitation theory
The subkuxation complex is a problem of hyperexcitability that disrupts normal reflexes in spinal cord
Carver
Basic compensatory scoliosis
Jirout
hypomobility in a motion that leads to hypermobility other places
Kapanji
Biomechanics (change in central axis of motion)
Menelle
Facets, loss of end joint play
Suh
Positional dyskonesia
Korr
Fixation due to muscles inhibiting muscles, fascilitation
Seamen
3D model
somatic dysafferentation
Cyriax
Shift fragment of IVD
Lewit
Meniscoid entrapment/interarticu,ar phenomena
Grostic
Subluxations of cervical spine, particularly C1, can cause the stabilizing attachmentz of the dentate lig. To distort the cord by traction, leading to neural dysfunction
Carrick
Chiros dont take pressure off nerves, they put pressure on mechanorecpetors
Murphy
Nerve interference
Mechanical joint problem–> chronically stressed tissues–> afferent discharge–>efferent reflex–>efferent discharge–>collagen breakdown–>DJD–>radiculopathy and myelopathy
Kent
3 component model of subluxation
Phase 1 of 4 phase model
0-20 years
Motility abberations
Bony architecture intact
Initial soft tissue changes
Response of phase 1 of 4
Return to normal with care in weeks to months, depending on chronicity
Phase 2 of 4 phase mode,
20-40 years
Phase 1 cha ges plus fibroids
Early osseous chsnges on x ray
Disc, bony outline changes
Response to care for phase 2 of 4
Significant improvement, but long term care over a few years required to halt degeneration, reversal of some chanfes may be possible
Phase 3 of 4 model
40-60 years
Major degenerative and regenerative changes
Beginnings of bony fusion in ant or posg motion units
Response in phase 3 of 4
Slow or retard progression of subluxation degeneration, lifetime care
Phase 4 of 4 phase model
60+years
All changes of previous phases plus total fusion of motion units
Response in phase 4 of 4
None, but care is given to segments not in this phase to retard progress of degeneration in those segments
What region of the spine is least likely to have cord compresion?
Lumbosacral
What are the conceptual models of degeneration?
Inflammation/immobilization
IVF encroachment/DRG irritation/neudologic model
describe phase 1 of the 3 phase model (sandoz)
segmental dysfunctional
kinesiopathology
pre-radiologic
describe phase 2 of the 3 phase model
sandoz
instability
cartilage, ligament histopathology
“true” subluxation (misalignment)
describe phase 3 of the 3 phase model
sandoz
stabilization
significant DJD
ankylosis
somatic dysafferentation
increase in nociceptive afferent impulses from somatic components of motion segments in combination with diminished proprioceptive impulses, primarily from mechanoreceptors
Suh
positional dyskonesia
