Part 2

Question 1

The central nervous system control what

How do the CNS do that

What did the Vegas nerve supply

Answer 1

Involuntary involuntary respiration

Through pons in the medulla

The Vegas nerve supplies the pharynx, larynx respiratory airway and lungs

Question 2

What are the brainstem 🧠 chemoreceptor sensitive to

What are the chemo receptors in the aorta 🫀 in the carotid arteries sensitive to

Answer 2

They are sensitive to changes in CO2 and hydrogen ions in the cerebral spinal fluid

Are sensitive to oxygen levels in the blood

Question 3

The Signal of changing level of hydrogen ion CO2 and oxygen triggers what

Answer 3

Respiratory center to send signals through the spinal cord in the spinal nerve to the peripheral nervous system

And phrenic and intercostal nerves

Question 4

The intercoastal nerves controls what

Answer 4

The diaphragm and respiratory muscles

Question 5

What happens to CO2 level in the cerebrospinal spinal fluid becomes too high or the PH drops

Answer 5

The central receptors in the brain stem signals the nerve to initiate faster respiratory to “blow off ” excess CO2

Question 6

What gives the primary signal for respiration

Answer 6

CO2

Question 7

When arterial blood oxygen level are below normal what happens to the respiratory center in the aorta in the carotid artery’s What do they signal

Answer 7

Signals the nerves nerves to cause the lung 🫁 to inflate more fully making the person breathe 🧘‍♀️ more deeply and faster

Question 8

When CO2 levels are constantly hi this example of what type of patient

Answer 8

COPD

Question 9

When CO2 levels are constantly high What does the body do

What does research so when you give a COPD patient more oxygen what changes in their body

Answer 9

The body becomes a custom to high CO2 levels in the respiratory drives is triggered by receptors for low arterial O2 instead of high levels of CO2

Vascular, ventilation, and perfusion changes

Question 10

I should you give oxygen to a patient that has COPD

Answer 10

Oxygen must be given and titrated to maintain a pulse ox them in maintain reading of 82 to 92%

Question 11

How many milliliters of air moves in and out of the lungs with each breath

Answer 11

500 mL

Question 12

Occurs by the movement of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in the chest wall

Answer 12

Inhalation and exhalation

Question 13

What occur in inhalation and exhalation

Answer 13

Occurs by the movement of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in the chest wall

Question 14

What is the primary respiratory muscle

Answer 14

The diaphragm

Question 15

I dome shape muscle beneath the lungs that helps with breathing

Answer 15

Diaphragm

Question 16

When the diaphragm contracts what happens

Answer 16

It moves downward

The other chest muscle contracts pulling the rib cage up ⬆️ and out expanding the lungs 🫁 and creating an area of negative pressure

Question 17

What happens when the diaphragm relaxes

Answer 17

The rib cage move back to its normal position

• the lungs 🫁 return to resting position
• causing air to be possibly push out an explanation

Question 18

If damage to the spinal cord occurs above the level where the PHRENIC nerve branches off to control the diaphragm what happens

Answer 18

Voluntary respiration ceases

Question 19

If the muscles of the diaphragm and chest (intercostal) Are paralyze what occurs

Answer 19

Apnea- absence of breathing

Question 20

The thoracic cage is composed of what

What is the function of the thoracic cage

Answer 20

Thoracic vertebrae
the sternum
And the rib

Let’s respiratory muscles function correctly

Question 21

If any bones of the thorax or chest wall or injured or fractured what does it affect

Answer 21

Breathing

Question 22

Elasticity of the lungs or how easily the lungs inflate ?

What happens when it decreases?

How do COPD and aging altar this?

Answer 22

Compliance

The lungs are more difficult to inflate

Artist compliance because of damage in the Alveoli

Question 23

Weakness of the respiratory muscles, such as occurs with neuromuscular diseases, can also cause what

Answer 23

decrease respiratory ability

Question 24

Inwards curvature in collapse

Answer 24

Kyphosis

Question 25

Kyphosis of the spine constrictor thoracic Cavity and restricts the cavity at the lung To do what

Answer 25

Expand fully

Question 26

Are tiny sac covered with permeable membrane that come into contact with the pulmonary arterioles and Venules

Answer 26

Alveoli 🍇

Question 27

Oxygen passes into the ____and CO2 passes from the _____ into the

Answer 27

Arterial blood 🩸

Venous blood 🩸

Alveoli 🍇for exhalation 🥱😮‍💨

Question 28

Secreted by cell in the alveoli 🍇

What did it decrease and why?

What does it facilitates

And what does it prevent

And when it to low

Answer 28

Surfactant

It decreases surface tension on the Aleveolare wall
(Why) so that diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide can take place

1. alveoli 🍇 cannot properly expand
2. O2 and carbon dioxide cannot cross the membrane adequately

Question 29

When interstitial Edema occurs in the long what happens to though alveolar membrane

And what happens if the fluid filled the alveoli

Answer 29

The alveolar membrane it’s thickened and gases ⛽️ cannot diffuse across the membrane easily

Gases cannot this diffuse across the membrane

Question 30

Edema in the lungs occurs with

Answer 30

Infection like- pneumonia

Disorders like- congestive heart failure

Question 31

What percentage attaches to the heme portion of the hemoglobin molecule carried and erythrocytes and forms oxyhemoglobin

Answer 31

97%

Question 32

The plasma also transports a portion of each gas

And that percentage it dissolved where

Answer 32

3% oxygen is dissolved in the plasma

Question 33

Cellular waste product

Answer 33

CO2

Question 34

CO2 cellular waste product combines with water forming what

Answer 34

Carbonic acid

Question 35

After of the cellular waste product combines with water formingcarbonic acid what happens next

So after____Is formed it makes what

Answer 35

Disassociation. Uncombining

Hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

Question 36

What % is transported in the blood 🩸 as bicarbonate ion

Answer 36

77% of CO2

Question 37

What % combine w/ hemoglobin and is carried to lung 🫁

Answer 37

23%

Question 38

Inside the lung 🫁 process reverse 🔄 so

What happened with the CO2 and
it is exhaled 😮‍💨🥱 or inhaled

Answer 38

The bicarbonate ions combine w hydrogen to make carbonic acid which then ➡️dissociate into water 💦 and CO2

The CO2 diffuses across alveolar membrane and is exhaled

Question 39

The movement of air from the external environment to the gas exchange unit of the lung and back to the environment

Done mechanical ventilator

(MOVEMENT OF GASES INTO AND OUT OF THE LUNG 🫁 )

Answer 39

Ventilation

Question 40

How is the the lung to acquire oxygen measured

Answer 40

By pulse oximetry

Question 41

The amount of CO2 present in exhaled breath

What are the other names for it

Answer 41

End-tidal CO2.

Etco2 or Carpnogtaphy