Part 1: Water, Soil, Mineral and Rock, and Energy Flashcards
the proportion of void space in the material (holes or cracks),
unfilled by solid material, within or between individual mineral grains and is a
measure of how much fluid the material can store
porosity
measure of how readily fluids pass through the material. It is
related to the extent to which pores or cracks are interconnected, and to their
size—larger pores have a lower surface-to-volume ratio so there is less frictional
drag to slow the fluids down
permeability
is a volume of rock or soil above the
impermeable material that is water-saturated, in which water fills all the
accessible pore space
saturated zone
water in the saturated zone
ground water
rock or soil above the saturated zone in
which the pore spaces are filled partly with water, partly with air
unsaturated zone
water in the unsaturated soil
soil moisture
is all of the water occupying pore space below the ground
surface this includes ground water, soil moisture, and water in unsaturated
rocks.
subsurface water
is the top surface of the saturated zone, where the saturated
zone is not confined by overlying impermeable rocks
water table
is the processes of infiltration and migration or percolation by which
ground water is replaced
recharge
occurs where ground water flows into a stream,
escapes at the surface in a spring, or otherwise exits the aquifer
groundwater discharge
is a rock that holds enough water and transmits it rapidly enough to be
useful as a source of water
aquifer
is a rock that may store a considerable quantity of water, but in
which water flow is slowed, or retarded
aquitard
was used to describe an extreme aquitard, a rock that is essentially
impermeable on a human timescale
aquiclude
when the aquifer is directly overlain only by permeable
rocks and soil
unconfined aquifer
is bounded above and below by low permeability rocks
(aquitards)
confine aquifer
If a well is drilled into a confined aquifer, the water can rise
above its level in the aquifer because of this extra hydrostatic (fluid) pressure
artesian system
represents the height to which the water’s pressure would raise
the water if the water were unconfined
potentiometric surface
is a circular lowering of the water table immediately
around the well in an unconfined aquifer.
cone of depression
If the aquifer rocks are no longer saturated with water, they may become
___________ from the weight of overlying rocks. This decreases their porosity,
permanently reducing their water-holding capacity, and may also decrease their
permeability
compacted
Fresh water falling on land does not mix so readily with saline ground water at
depth because water in the pore spaces in rock or soil is not vigorously churned
by currents or wave action
saltwater intrusion
is a common way to provide more land for construction.
This practice can interfere with recharge, especially if surface runoff is rapid
elsewhere in the area.
filling in wetlands
are a partial solution to the problem of areas where
groundwater use exceeds natural recharge rate, but they are effective only
where there is surface runoff to catch, and they rely on precipitation
recharge basins
Rock types such as carbonate rocks or beds of rock salt or gypsum, chemical
sediments deposited in shallow seas, are extremely soluble in water.
Dissolution of these rocks by subsurface water, and occasional collapse or subsidence of the ground surface into the resultant cavities, creates a
distinctive terrain known as ________
karst
Rainwater is not considered
as ____________ because it contains dissolved chemicals of various kinds,
especially in industrialized areas with substantial air pollution
pure water
is one of the parameters used in describing water
quality, the sum of the concentrations of all dissolved solid chemicals in the
water.
total dissolved solids (TDS)
simply contains substantial amounts of dissolved calcium and
magnesium
hard water
DENR A.O. 2016-08 also known as
water quality guidelines and general effluent standards
3 ways of extending the water supply
conservation
interbasin water transfer
desalination