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Environment Science and Engineering > Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions > Flashcards

Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

One of the most important concepts in biology

A

Adaptation

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2
Q

Two ways of using the term “Adapt”:(2)

A
  • Acclimation
  • Genetic Traits
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3
Q

When an individual organism can respond immediately to a changing environment

A

Acclimation

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4
Q

Passed from generation to generation and allow a species to live more successfully in its environment

A

Genetic Traits

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5
Q

species change over generations because individuals compete for scarce resources

A

Evolution

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6
Q

The process of better-selected individuals passing their traits to the next generation

A

Natural Selection

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7
Q

Changes to the DNA Coding sequence of individuals that occurs occasionally, and the changed sequences are inherited by offspring

A

Mutations

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8
Q

Limitation factors of species: (4)

A
  1. Psychological Stress due to inappropriate levels of some critical environment factor
  2. Competition with other species
  3. Predation, including parasitism and disease
  4. Luck
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9
Q

(1) According to the Chemist ___________, the single factor in shortest supply relative to demand is the critical factor determining where a species lives

A

Justus Von Liebig

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10
Q

Each environmental factor has both minimum and maximum levels, beyond which particular species cannot Survive
- “limits where a particular organism can live”

A

Tolerance Limits
- Victor Shelford expanded Liebig’s principle (Critical factor)

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11
Q

“determining where a species lives”

A

critical factor

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12
Q

can affect the distribution of young differently than they affect adults

A

Tolerance Limits

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13
Q

the place or set of environmental conditions in which a particular organism lives

A

Habitat

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14
Q

describes both the role played by a species in a biological community and the set of environmental factors that determine its distribution

A

Ecological Niche

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15
Q

According to him, each species had a role in a community of species and the niche defined its way of obtaining food.

A

Charles Elton

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16
Q

The American limnologist who, thirty years laters proposed a more biophysical definition of niche. According to him, every species exists within a range of physical and chemical conditions.

A

G. E. Hutchinson

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17
Q

species that tolerate a wide range of conditions or exploit a wide range of resources

A

Generalists

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18
Q

species that have a narrow ecological niche

A

Specialists

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19
Q
  • the development of a new species
  • As a population becomes more adapted to its ecological niche, it may develop specialized or distinctive traits
A

Speciation

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20
Q

Two kinds of Speciation: (2)

A
  • Allopatric Speciation
  • Sympatric Speciation
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21
Q

Speciation that occurs when population are geographically separated

A

Allopatric Speciation

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22
Q

Speciation that occurs within one geographic area

A

Sympatric Speciation

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23
Q

When the habitat are far enough apart that population were genetically isolated

A

Geographic Isolation

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24
Q

When two identical species live in similar habitats but have different mating calls

A

Behavioral Isolation

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25
Q

the shift toward one extreme of a trait

A

Directional Selection

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26
Q

the study of types of organisms and their relationships

A

Taxonomy

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27
Q

Binomial are also called

A

Scientific or Latin Name

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28
Q

Identify and describe species using Latin or Latinized nouns and adjectives or names of people or places

A

Binomials

29
Q

leads to resource allocation

A

Competition

30
Q

important type of selective pressure

A

Predation

31
Q
  • benefits both species involved
  • Two or more species live intimately together, with their fates linked
A

Symbiosis

32
Q

any type of antagonistic relationship within a biological community

A

Competition

33
Q

Types of Competition: (2)

A
  • Intraspecific Competition
  • Interspecific Competition
34
Q

Competition among members of the same species

A

Intraspecific Competition

35
Q

Competition between members of different species

A

Interspecific Competition

36
Q

any organism that feeds directly on another living organism

A

Predator

37
Q

Enhances the survival of one or both partners

A

Symbiotic Relationship

38
Q

Types of Symbiosis: (5)

A
  • Mutualism
  • Commensalism
  • Parasitism
  • Endosymbiosis
  • Ectosymbiosis
39
Q

type of symbiosis in which both members’ benefits

A

Mutualism

40
Q

type of symbiosis in which one member clearly benefits and the other apparently is neither benefited nor harmed

A

Commensalism

41
Q

a form predation may also be considered symbiosis because of the dependency of the parasite as its host

A

Parasitism

42
Q

one species living inside another one.

A

Endosymbiosis

43
Q

one species living on the surface of the other species.

A

Ectosymbiosis

44
Q

Plays a critical role in a biological community that is out of proportion to its abundance.

A

Keystone Species

45
Q

is a measure of biological activity

A

Productivity

46
Q

is an expression of the total number of organisms in a biological community.

A

Abundance

47
Q

is a measure of the number of different species, ecological niches, or genetic variation present.

A

Diversity

48
Q

Community Properties: (3)

A
  • Productivity
  • Abundance and diversity
  • Resilience and stability
49
Q

The abundance of a particular species often is ________________ related to the total diversity of the community.

A

inversely

50
Q

refers to patterns of spatial distribution of individuals and
populations within a community, as well as the relation of a particular community to its surroundings.

A

Ecological structure

51
Q

make communities resistant to disturbance

A

Resilience and stability

52
Q

Three kinds of stability or resiliency in ecosystems: (3)

A
  • Constancy
  • Inertia
  • Renewal
53
Q

lack of fluctuations in composition or functions

A

Constancy

54
Q

resistance to perturbations

A

Inertia

55
Q

ability to repair damage after disturbance

A

Renewal

56
Q

The boundary between one habitat and its neighbors is an important aspect of community structure. These relationships are

A

edge effects.

57
Q

are what the ecologists call the boundaries between adjacent
communities.

A

Ecotones

58
Q

a community that is sharply divided from its neighbors.

A

Closed Community

59
Q

a community with gradual or indistinct boundaries over which many species cross.

A

Open Community

60
Q

is the community that developed last and lasted the longest.

A

Climax Community

61
Q

is the history of community development. When a succession occurs, organisms occupy a site and change the environmental
conditions.

A

Ecological Succession

62
Q

2 kinds of succession: (2)

A
  • Primary succession
  • Secondary succession
63
Q

Land that is bare of soil (a sandbar, mudslide, rock face, and volcanic flow) is colonized by living organisms where none lived before.

A

Primary succession

64
Q

When an existing community is disturbed, a new one develops from the biological legacy of the old.

A

Secondary succession

65
Q

In both kinds of succession, when
organisms change the environment by modifying soil, light levels, food supplies, and microclimate, the change permits new species to colonize and eventually replace the previous species.

A

Ecological development or facilitation

66
Q

In primary succession on land, the first colonists (microbes, mosses, and lichens) that can withstand a harsh environment with few resources.

A

Pioneer species

67
Q

Any force that disrupts the established patterns of species diversity and
abundance, community structure, or community properties.

A

Disturbance

68
Q

species that can survive periodic disturbance

A

Disturbance-adapted species

Environment Science and Engineering (10 decks)

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