Matter, Energy, and Life Flashcards
1
Q
- from the french word environner
- the circumstances/conditions that surround an organisms
- the complex of social/cultural conditions that affect an individual/community
A
Environment
2
Q
means to encircle or surround
A
Environner
3
Q
- The systematic study of our environment
- Interdisciplinary that integrates natural sciences, social sciences and humanities
A
Environmental Science
4
Q
Environmental Science makes us:
A
- Aware and Appreciate Natural and Built Environment
- Knowledgeable of natural systems
- Understand current environmental issues
- Use Critical Thinking and problem solving skills
5
Q
Branch of engineering that aims to improve the quality of environment
A
Environmental Engineering
6
Q
According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Its mission is to improve recycling, waste disposal, public health and water and air pollution control
A
Environmental Engineers
7
Q
The builders of wells and aqueducts
A
Engineers of Antiquity
8
Q
the term civil engineering was born
A
Mid 1700s
9
Q
during this, its major objective was to eliminate the waterborne disease
A
Late 19th Century
10
Q
Civil Engineers term in Britain and US that is concerned with the drainage of cities and provision of clean water supplies
A
- Public Health Engineers (Britain)
- Sanitary Engineers (United States)
11
Q
Defined as the scientific study of relationships between organisms and their environment
A
Ecology
12
Q
foundation of organisms
A
Carbon-based (organic) compounds
13
Q
Everything that takes up space and has mass
A
Matter
14
Q
Four States of Matter:
A
- Solid
- Liquid
- Gas
- Plasma
15
Q
Best example of matter
A
Water
16
Q
Matter is intensely heated that causes electron released and particle are ionized (electrically charged)
A
Plasma
17
Q
“Matter is Neither created nor destroyed, rather, it is recycled over and over again”
A
Conservation of Matter
18
Q
Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler forms by ordinary chemical reactions
A
Elements
19
Q
- How many elements are there?
- Natural ones?
- Created under special conditions?
A
- 122 Elements
- 92 are Natural
- 30 are created
20
Q
Responsible for more than 96% of the mass of most living organisms
A
- Oxygen
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Nitrogen
21
Q
Smallest Particles that exhibit the characteristics of an element
A
Atoms
22
Q
Atoms consists of?
- Positively Charged?
- Negatively Charged?
- Electrically Neutral?
A
- Protons
- Electrons
- Neutrons
23
Q
Are smaller compare to other particles, They orbit the nucleus at the speed of light
A
Electrons
24
Q
Have approximately the same mass and clustered in the nucleus
A
Protons and Neutron
25
Characteristics number of proton per atom
Atomic Number
26
Sum of protons and neutrons
Atomic Mass
27
are forms of an element that differ in atomic mass
Isotopes
28
are substance composed of different kinds of atoms
Compounds
29
Are a pair or group of atoms that can exist as a single unit
Molecules
30
- Atoms gain or lose electrons, it acquires a negative or positively charge
- Are Charged Atoms
Ions
31
2 types of ions:
- Negatively Charged
- Positively Charged
- Anions
- Cations
32
substances that readily give up hydrogen ions in water
Acids
33
substances that readily bond with H+ ions
Bases
34
describes the strength of an acid and base
pH
35
was formed by chains and rings of carbon atoms
Organic Compounds
36
Major Categories of Organic compounds:
- Lipids (fats, oil)
- Carbohydrates (sugar, starches, cellulose)
- Proteins (composed of amino acids)
- Nucleic Acid (DNA and RNA)
37
- Carry information between cells, tissues and organs and the sources of intracellular energy
- Form long chains of RNA and DNA
Nucleotides
38
Meaning of:
- RNA?
- DNA?
- Ribo Nucleic Acid
- Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid
39
(1) Essential for storing? (2) and expressing genetic information
- DNA
- RNA
40
Four kinds of nucleotides that occur in DNA:
- Adenine
- Guanine
- Cytosine
- Thyamine
41
Minute Compartments within the processes of life are carried out
Cells
42
Single Celled Organisms
Bacteria, some Algae and Protozoa
43
- special classes of proteins that carry out all the chemical reactions required to create various structures
- they are molecular catalyst that provide energy and materials
Enzymes
44
Multitude of Enzymatic reactions performed by an organisms
Metabolism
45
Ability to do work
Energy
- heat (calories)
- work (joules)
46
Energy contained in moving objects
Kinetic Energy
47
Stored energy is dormant but is available for use
Potential Energy
48
Stored in the food that you eat and the gasoline that you put into your car
Chemical Energy
49
Energy that can be transferred
Heat
50
- a study that deals with the transfer of energy in natural processes
- it deals with the rates of flow and the transformation of energy from one form/quality to another
Thermodynamics
51
States that energy is conserved
1st Law of Thermodynamics
52
states that, with each successive energy transfer or transformation in a system, less energy is available to do work
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
53
- is the process in which bacteria use chemical bonds between inorganic elements
- used by organism that lives in sunless ecosystems
Chemosynthesis
54
essential to life
Solar Energy
55
Why solar Energy is essential: (2)
- Sun Provides warmth
- Almost all organisms on Earth surface depend on solar radiation for sustaining energy
56
converts radiant energy into high quality chemical energy
Photosynthesis
57
Use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce sugars and other organic molecules
Plants
58
Consumers use oxygen and breakdown sugars during the process called
Cellular Respiration
59
Refers to all organisms of the same kind that are genetically similar enough to breed in nature and produce live and fertile offsprings.
Species
60
Consists of all the members of a species living in a given area at the same time
Population
61
All of the populations living and interacting in a particular area
Biological Community
62
is composed of a biological community and its physical environment
Ecosystem
63
nonliving components such as climate, water, minerals and sunlight
Abiotic Factors
64
Examples are organisms and their products
Biotic factors
65
Environment includes: (2)
- Abiotic
- Biotic
66
- One of the major properties of an ecosystem. It is the amount of biomass produced in a given area during a given period of time
Productivity
67
Types of productivity: (2)
- Primary Productivity - Photosynthesis
- Secondary Productivity - manufacture of biomass by organisms
68
linked feeding series
Food Chain
69
Interconnection of individual food chains
Food Web
70
- An organism's feeding status in an ecosystem
Trophic Level
71
(1) Trophic level comes from Greek word? (2) meaning?
- Trophe
- Food
72
Organisms that photosynthesize, mainly green plants and algae
Producers
73
organisms that consumes the chemical energy harnessed by the producers
Consumers
74
Types of Consumers: (3)
- Herbivores (plant)
- Carnivores (flesh)
- Omnivores (both)
75
Organisms that clean up dead carcasses of larger animals
Scavengers
76
Consumer litter, debris and dung
Detritivores
77
- Organisms that completes finals breakdown and recycling of organic materials
- Are second in importance to producers because without their activity, nutrients would remain lock up in the organic compounds of dead organisms
- Decomposer
78
A graphical representation of the relationship between different organisms in an ecosystem
Ecological Pyramids
79
trophic levels are represented in ecological pyramids by
Bar
80
Presents the number of organisms in each trophic level
Pyramid of Numbers
81
Presents the total mass of organisms at each trophic level
Pyramid of Biomass
82
- Presents the total amount of energy present at each trophic level, as well as the loss of energy between trophic levels
- examines the flow of energy
Pyramid of Productivity
83
distributed water among atmosphere, biosphere, surface and ground water
Water cycle
84
Moving of essential elements ( Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus ) on biological, atmospheric and earth systems
Biogeochemical Cycles
85
- The path of water through our environment
- Most familiar Material Cycle
Hydrologic Cycle
86
Responsible for metabolic processes within cells
Water
87
as water is heated by the sun, surface molecules become sufficiently energized to break free of the attractive force binding them togethwr
Evaporation
88
Water vapor is emitted from plant leaves by a process called
Transpiration
89
As water vapor rises, it cools, usually on tiny particles of dust in the air
Condensation
90
is in the form of rain, snow, and hail that comes from clouds
Precipitation
91
- Excessive rain or snowmelt can produce overland flow to creeks and ditches
- is visible flow of water in rivers, creeks and lakes as the water stored in the basin drains out
Runoff
92
Some of the precipitation moves downwards infiltrates through cracks, joints and pores in soil and rocks until it reaches water table
Percolation
93
- Subterranean water is held in cracks and pore spaces
- can flow to support streams
- can be tapped by wells
Groundwater
94
is the level at which water stands in a shallow well
Water table
95
begins with the intake of carbon dioxide by photosynthetic organisms
Carbon Cycles
96
are incorporated into sugar molecules during photosynthesis
Carbon Atoms
97
Carbon enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide through: (2)
- Respiration (breathing)
- Combustion (burning)
98
makes up 78% of our atmosphere
Nitrogen Gas
99
- Nitrogen compounds that can only be used by plants
- Sources of nitrogen for forming amino acids
- Nitrate (NO3)
- Ammonia (NH4)
100
Building blocks for complex organic compounds such as proteins
Amino acids
101
removing of oxygen from nitrate to form gaseous compounds
Denitrification
102
are especially high in nitrogen because they contain the detoxified wastes of protein metabolism
Urinary Wastes
103
Gaseous form; corrosive; common agricultural fertilizer that bonds with H+ to form NH4-
Ammonia
104
Directly Usable by plants; positively charge helps adhere to clay in soils
Ammonium (NH4)
105
Ion with negatively electrical charge, step in nitrification process
Nitrite
106
Directly usable by plants; products of nitrification
Nitrate
107
Diverse compounds such as proteins; must be converted to NH4 for use by plants
Organic Nitrogen
108
Organic to inorganic transition
Mineralization
109
Various combinations such as NO2, NO, and N2O; fuel combustion in vehicles and industry produces most NOx
Nitrogen Oxides
110
Common forms of Nitrogen: (7)
- Nitrogen Gas
- Ammonia
- Ammonium
- Nitrite
- Nitrate
- Organic Nitrogen
- Nitrogen Oxides
111
is most important among the manu elements released to ecosystem from rock formation because it is often limited in supply
Phosphorus
112
- an essential component of all cells
- compounds containing thi element store and release great deal of energy
- travels gradually downstream, released into water bodies that deliver it to the ocean.
Phosphorus
113
primary participants in energy-transfer reaction in cells
ATP
114
- one way path, has no atmospheric form, in which it can quickly recirculate
- repeatedly through food web
Phosphorus Cycle
115
Phosphorus accumulates in
Ocean Sediments
