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Environment Science and Engineering > Matter, Energy, and Life > Flashcards

Matter, Energy, and Life Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  • from the french word environner
  • the circumstances/conditions that surround an organisms
  • the complex of social/cultural conditions that affect an individual/community
A

Environment

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2
Q

means to encircle or surround

A

Environner

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3
Q
  • The systematic study of our environment
  • Interdisciplinary that integrates natural sciences, social sciences and humanities
A

Environmental Science

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4
Q

Environmental Science makes us:

A
  • Aware and Appreciate Natural and Built Environment
  • Knowledgeable of natural systems
  • Understand current environmental issues
  • Use Critical Thinking and problem solving skills
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5
Q

Branch of engineering that aims to improve the quality of environment

A

Environmental Engineering

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6
Q

According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Its mission is to improve recycling, waste disposal, public health and water and air pollution control

A

Environmental Engineers

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7
Q

The builders of wells and aqueducts

A

Engineers of Antiquity

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8
Q

the term civil engineering was born

A

Mid 1700s

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9
Q

during this, its major objective was to eliminate the waterborne disease

A

Late 19th Century

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10
Q

Civil Engineers term in Britain and US that is concerned with the drainage of cities and provision of clean water supplies

A
  • Public Health Engineers (Britain)
  • Sanitary Engineers (United States)
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11
Q

Defined as the scientific study of relationships between organisms and their environment

A

Ecology

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12
Q

foundation of organisms

A

Carbon-based (organic) compounds

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13
Q

Everything that takes up space and has mass

A

Matter

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14
Q

Four States of Matter:

A
  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
  • Plasma
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15
Q

Best example of matter

A

Water

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16
Q

Matter is intensely heated that causes electron released and particle are ionized (electrically charged)

A

Plasma

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17
Q

“Matter is Neither created nor destroyed, rather, it is recycled over and over again”

A

Conservation of Matter

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18
Q

Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler forms by ordinary chemical reactions

A

Elements

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19
Q
  • How many elements are there?
  • Natural ones?
  • Created under special conditions?
A
  • 122 Elements
  • 92 are Natural
  • 30 are created
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20
Q

Responsible for more than 96% of the mass of most living organisms

A
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Nitrogen
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21
Q

Smallest Particles that exhibit the characteristics of an element

A

Atoms

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22
Q

Atoms consists of?
- Positively Charged?
- Negatively Charged?
- Electrically Neutral?

A
  • Protons
  • Electrons
  • Neutrons
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23
Q

Are smaller compare to other particles, They orbit the nucleus at the speed of light

A

Electrons

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24
Q

Have approximately the same mass and clustered in the nucleus

A

Protons and Neutron

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25
Q

Characteristics number of proton per atom

A

Atomic Number

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26
Q

Sum of protons and neutrons

A

Atomic Mass

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27
Q

are forms of an element that differ in atomic mass

A

Isotopes

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28
Q

are substance composed of different kinds of atoms

A

Compounds

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29
Q

Are a pair or group of atoms that can exist as a single unit

A

Molecules

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30
Q
  • Atoms gain or lose electrons, it acquires a negative or positively charge
  • Are Charged Atoms
A

Ions

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31
Q

2 types of ions:
- Negatively Charged
- Positively Charged

A
  • Anions
  • Cations
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32
Q

substances that readily give up hydrogen ions in water

A

Acids

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33
Q

substances that readily bond with H+ ions

A

Bases

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34
Q

describes the strength of an acid and base

A

pH

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35
Q

was formed by chains and rings of carbon atoms

A

Organic Compounds

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36
Q

Major Categories of Organic compounds:

A
  • Lipids (fats, oil)
  • Carbohydrates (sugar, starches, cellulose)
  • Proteins (composed of amino acids)
  • Nucleic Acid (DNA and RNA)
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37
Q
  • Carry information between cells, tissues and organs and the sources of intracellular energy
  • Form long chains of RNA and DNA
A

Nucleotides

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38
Q

Meaning of:
- RNA?
- DNA?

A
  • Ribo Nucleic Acid
  • Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid
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39
Q

(1) Essential for storing? (2) and expressing genetic information

A
  • DNA
  • RNA
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40
Q

Four kinds of nucleotides that occur in DNA:

A
  • Adenine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
  • Thyamine
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41
Q

Minute Compartments within the processes of life are carried out

A

Cells

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42
Q

Single Celled Organisms

A

Bacteria, some Algae and Protozoa

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43
Q
  • special classes of proteins that carry out all the chemical reactions required to create various structures
  • they are molecular catalyst that provide energy and materials
A

Enzymes

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44
Q

Multitude of Enzymatic reactions performed by an organisms

A

Metabolism

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45
Q

Ability to do work

A

Energy
- heat (calories)
- work (joules)

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46
Q

Energy contained in moving objects

A

Kinetic Energy

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47
Q

Stored energy is dormant but is available for use

A

Potential Energy

48
Q

Stored in the food that you eat and the gasoline that you put into your car

A

Chemical Energy

49
Q

Energy that can be transferred

A

Heat

50
Q
  • a study that deals with the transfer of energy in natural processes
  • it deals with the rates of flow and the transformation of energy from one form/quality to another
A

Thermodynamics

51
Q

States that energy is conserved

A

1st Law of Thermodynamics

52
Q

states that, with each successive energy transfer or transformation in a system, less energy is available to do work

A

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

53
Q
  • is the process in which bacteria use chemical bonds between inorganic elements
  • used by organism that lives in sunless ecosystems
A

Chemosynthesis

54
Q

essential to life

A

Solar Energy

55
Q

Why solar Energy is essential: (2)

A
  • Sun Provides warmth
  • Almost all organisms on Earth surface depend on solar radiation for sustaining energy
56
Q

converts radiant energy into high quality chemical energy

A

Photosynthesis

57
Q

Use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce sugars and other organic molecules

A

Plants

58
Q

Consumers use oxygen and breakdown sugars during the process called

A

Cellular Respiration

59
Q

Refers to all organisms of the same kind that are genetically similar enough to breed in nature and produce live and fertile offsprings.

A

Species

60
Q

Consists of all the members of a species living in a given area at the same time

A

Population

61
Q

All of the populations living and interacting in a particular area

A

Biological Community

62
Q

is composed of a biological community and its physical environment

A

Ecosystem

63
Q

nonliving components such as climate, water, minerals and sunlight

A

Abiotic Factors

64
Q

Examples are organisms and their products

A

Biotic factors

65
Q

Environment includes: (2)

A
  • Abiotic
  • Biotic
66
Q
  • One of the major properties of an ecosystem. It is the amount of biomass produced in a given area during a given period of time
A

Productivity

67
Q

Types of productivity: (2)

A
  • Primary Productivity - Photosynthesis
  • Secondary Productivity - manufacture of biomass by organisms
68
Q

linked feeding series

A

Food Chain

69
Q

Interconnection of individual food chains

A

Food Web

70
Q
  • An organism’s feeding status in an ecosystem
A

Trophic Level

71
Q

(1) Trophic level comes from Greek word? (2) meaning?

A
  • Trophe
  • Food
72
Q

Organisms that photosynthesize, mainly green plants and algae

A

Producers

73
Q

organisms that consumes the chemical energy harnessed by the producers

A

Consumers

74
Q

Types of Consumers: (3)

A
  • Herbivores (plant)
  • Carnivores (flesh)
  • Omnivores (both)
75
Q

Organisms that clean up dead carcasses of larger animals

A

Scavengers

76
Q

Consumer litter, debris and dung

A

Detritivores

77
Q
  • Organisms that completes finals breakdown and recycling of organic materials
  • Are second in importance to producers because without their activity, nutrients would remain lock up in the organic compounds of dead organisms
A
  • Decomposer
78
Q

A graphical representation of the relationship between different organisms in an ecosystem

A

Ecological Pyramids

79
Q

trophic levels are represented in ecological pyramids by

A

Bar

80
Q

Presents the number of organisms in each trophic level

A

Pyramid of Numbers

81
Q

Presents the total mass of organisms at each trophic level

A

Pyramid of Biomass

82
Q
  • Presents the total amount of energy present at each trophic level, as well as the loss of energy between trophic levels
  • examines the flow of energy
A

Pyramid of Productivity

83
Q

distributed water among atmosphere, biosphere, surface and ground water

A

Water cycle

84
Q

Moving of essential elements ( Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus ) on biological, atmospheric and earth systems

A

Biogeochemical Cycles

85
Q
  • The path of water through our environment
  • Most familiar Material Cycle
A

Hydrologic Cycle

86
Q

Responsible for metabolic processes within cells

A

Water

87
Q

as water is heated by the sun, surface molecules become sufficiently energized to break free of the attractive force binding them togethwr

A

Evaporation

88
Q

Water vapor is emitted from plant leaves by a process called

A

Transpiration

89
Q

As water vapor rises, it cools, usually on tiny particles of dust in the air

A

Condensation

90
Q

is in the form of rain, snow, and hail that comes from clouds

A

Precipitation

91
Q
  • Excessive rain or snowmelt can produce overland flow to creeks and ditches
  • is visible flow of water in rivers, creeks and lakes as the water stored in the basin drains out
A

Runoff

92
Q

Some of the precipitation moves downwards infiltrates through cracks, joints and pores in soil and rocks until it reaches water table

A

Percolation

93
Q
  • Subterranean water is held in cracks and pore spaces
  • can flow to support streams
  • can be tapped by wells
A

Groundwater

94
Q

is the level at which water stands in a shallow well

A

Water table

95
Q

begins with the intake of carbon dioxide by photosynthetic organisms

A

Carbon Cycles

96
Q

are incorporated into sugar molecules during photosynthesis

A

Carbon Atoms

97
Q

Carbon enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide through: (2)

A
  • Respiration (breathing)
  • Combustion (burning)
98
Q

makes up 78% of our atmosphere

A

Nitrogen Gas

99
Q
  • Nitrogen compounds that can only be used by plants
  • Sources of nitrogen for forming amino acids
A
  • Nitrate (NO3)
  • Ammonia (NH4)
100
Q

Building blocks for complex organic compounds such as proteins

A

Amino acids

101
Q

removing of oxygen from nitrate to form gaseous compounds

A

Denitrification

102
Q

are especially high in nitrogen because they contain the detoxified wastes of protein metabolism

A

Urinary Wastes

103
Q

Gaseous form; corrosive; common agricultural fertilizer that bonds with H+ to form NH4-

A

Ammonia

104
Q

Directly Usable by plants; positively charge helps adhere to clay in soils

A

Ammonium (NH4)

105
Q

Ion with negatively electrical charge, step in nitrification process

A

Nitrite

106
Q

Directly usable by plants; products of nitrification

A

Nitrate

107
Q

Diverse compounds such as proteins; must be converted to NH4 for use by plants

A

Organic Nitrogen

108
Q

Organic to inorganic transition

A

Mineralization

109
Q

Various combinations such as NO2, NO, and N2O; fuel combustion in vehicles and industry produces most NOx

A

Nitrogen Oxides

110
Q

Common forms of Nitrogen: (7)

A
  • Nitrogen Gas
  • Ammonia
  • Ammonium
  • Nitrite
  • Nitrate
  • Organic Nitrogen
  • Nitrogen Oxides
111
Q

is most important among the manu elements released to ecosystem from rock formation because it is often limited in supply

A

Phosphorus

112
Q
  • an essential component of all cells
  • compounds containing thi element store and release great deal of energy
  • travels gradually downstream, released into water bodies that deliver it to the ocean.
A

Phosphorus

113
Q

primary participants in energy-transfer reaction in cells

A

ATP

114
Q
  • one way path, has no atmospheric form, in which it can quickly recirculate
  • repeatedly through food web
A

Phosphorus Cycle

115
Q

Phosphorus accumulates in

A

Ocean Sediments

Environment Science and Engineering (10 decks)

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