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Molecular basis > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic unit of DNA?

A

Nucleotide

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2
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

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3
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

A

To synthesize new DNA strands during replication

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4
Q

What is the process by which DNA is copied?

A

Replication

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5
Q

What is the enzyme responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

A

Helicase

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6
Q

What is the role of RNA polymerase?

A

To synthesize RNA from a DNA template

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7
Q

What is the genetic material in retroviruses?

A

RNA

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8
Q

What is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template?

A

Transcription

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9
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

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10
Q

What is the function of tRNA in protein synthesis?

A

To bring amino acids to the ribosome

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11
Q

What is a codon?

A

A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that codes for an amino acid

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12
Q

What is the start codon in protein synthesis?

A

AUG (methionine)

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13
Q

What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

A

To facilitate the assembly of amino acids into proteins

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14
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in the DNA sequence

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15
Q

What is the difference between a silent mutation and a missense mutation?

A

Silent mutation does not change the amino acid sequence, while missense mutation results in a different amino acid

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16
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

A mutation that shifts the reading frame of the genetic code

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17
Q

What is the function of DNA ligase in DNA replication?

A

To join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand

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18
Q

What is the role of the promoter region in transcription?

A

To signal the start of transcription

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19
Q

What is an intron?

A

A non-coding region of a gene that is removed during RNA splicing

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20
Q

What is an exon?

A

A coding region of a gene that is expressed in the final mRNA

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21
Q

What is a gene mutation?

A

A change in the DNA sequence of a gene

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22
Q

What is the role of DNA helicase in DNA replication?

A

To unwind the DNA double helix

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23
Q

What is the role of DNA ligase in DNA repair?

A

To seal nicks in the DNA backbone

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24
Q

What is the role of RNA splicing in gene expression?

A

To remove introns and join exons in pre-mRNA

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25
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

The process by which different exons are joined together to produce multiple mRNA transcripts from a single gene

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26
Q

What is the role of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotic translation?

A

To facilitate binding of the ribosome to the mRNA

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27
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon in the mRNA

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28
Q

What is the role of the stop codon in protein synthesis?

A

To signal the termination of translation

29
Q

What is the role of the anticodon in tRNA?

A

To base-pair with the codon on the mRNA

30
Q

What is the role of DNA topoisomerase in DNA replication?

A

To relieve supercoiling ahead of the replication fork

31
Q

What is the function of DNA primase in DNA replication?

A

To synthesize RNA primers for DNA polymerase to initiate replication

32
Q

What is the role of the poly-A tail in eukaryotic mRNA?

A

To protect the mRNA from degradation and facilitate translation

33
Q

What is the role of the 5’ cap in eukaryotic mRNA?

A

To facilitate binding of the ribosome to the mRNA and protect the mRNA from degradation

34
Q

What is the function of DNA gyrase in DNA replication?

A

To introduce negative supercoils into the DNA ahead of the replication fork

35
Q

What is the basic unit of DNA?

A

Nucleotide

36
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

37
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

A

To synthesize new DNA strands during replication

38
Q

What is the process by which DNA is copied?

A

Replication

39
Q

What is the enzyme responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

A

Helicase

40
Q

What is the role of RNA polymerase?

A

To synthesize RNA from a DNA template

41
Q

What is the genetic material in retroviruses?

A

RNA

42
Q

What is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template?

A

Transcription

43
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

44
Q

What is the function of tRNA in protein synthesis?

A

To bring amino acids to the ribosome

45
Q

What is a codon?

A

A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that codes for an amino acid

46
Q

What is the start codon in protein synthesis?

A

AUG (methionine)

47
Q

What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

A

To facilitate the assembly of amino acids into proteins

48
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in the DNA sequence

49
Q

What is the difference between a silent mutation and a missense mutation?

A

Silent mutation does not change the amino acid sequence, while missense mutation results in a different amino acid

50
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

A mutation that shifts the reading frame of the genetic code

51
Q

What is the function of DNA ligase in DNA replication?

A

To join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand

52
Q

What is the role of the promoter region in transcription?

A

To signal the start of transcription

53
Q

What is an intron?

A

A non-coding region of a gene that is removed during RNA splicing

54
Q

What is an exon?

A

A coding region of a gene that is expressed in the final mRNA

55
Q

What is a gene mutation?

A

A change in the DNA sequence of a gene

56
Q

What is the role of DNA helicase in DNA replication?

A

To unwind the DNA double helix

57
Q

What is the role of DNA ligase in DNA repair?

A

To seal nicks in the DNA backbone

58
Q

What is the role of RNA splicing in gene expression?

A

To remove introns and join exons in pre-mRNA

59
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

The process by which different exons are joined together to produce multiple mRNA transcripts from a single gene

60
Q

What is the role of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotic translation?

A

To facilitate binding of the ribosome to the mRNA

61
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon in the mRNA

62
Q

What is the role of the stop codon in protein synthesis?

A

To signal the termination of translation

63
Q

What is the role of the anticodon in tRNA?

A

To base-pair with the codon on the mRNA

64
Q

What is the role of DNA topoisomerase in DNA replication?

A

To relieve supercoiling ahead of the replication fork

65
Q

What is the function of DNA primase in DNA replication?

A

To synthesize RNA primers for DNA polymerase to initiate replication

66
Q

What is the role of the poly-A tail in eukaryotic mRNA?

A

To protect the mRNA from degradation and facilitate translation

67
Q

What is the role of the 5’ cap in eukaryotic mRNA?

A

To facilitate binding of the ribosome to the mRNA and protect the mRNA from degradation

68
Q

What is the function of DNA gyrase in DNA replication?

A

To introduce negative supercoils into the DNA ahead of the replication fork

Molecular basis (5 decks)

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