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Molecular Genetics And Biotechnology > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is DNA?

A

Generic information that determines an organisms traits

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2
Q

DNA has nucleic acids, made from repeated units of _________, held together by _______ _____.

A

Nucleotides, covalent bonds

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3
Q

Nucleotides consist of:

A

Phosphoric acid, five carbon sugar, nitrogen base

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4
Q

Nitrogen bases are:

A

A, T, C or G

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5
Q

Who discovered the double helix of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

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6
Q

Guanine and _____ pair together

A

Cytosine

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7
Q

Adenine and _______ pair together

A

Thymine

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8
Q

Purine is a ______ word, but ________ structure

A

Smaller, larger

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9
Q

Pyrimidine is a ____________ word, but a ______ structure

A

Larger, smaller

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10
Q

A&G:

A

Purine

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11
Q

C, T and U:

A

Pyrimidine

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12
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Multiple strands of DNA molecules organized with proteins.

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13
Q

DNA controls the production of _______.

A

Proteins

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14
Q

Proteins are responsible for the __________ of an organism

A

Biochemistry

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15
Q

The shape and function of the thousands of proteins is controlled by ___ ______ __ ___ _____ ____ __ ___ ______

A

The order of the amino acid in the protein

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16
Q

What is semi-conservative replication?

A

Parental strands of DNA separate, serve as templates, and produce DNA molecules that have one strand of parental DNA and one strand of new DNA

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17
Q

What does Helicase do?

A

Its an enzyme that unwinds and unzips the DNA double helix

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18
Q

What are replication forks?

A

The areas where nucleotides are exposed

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19
Q

DNA polymerases bring in ________ groups to ______ during base pairing

A

Phosphate groups, sugars

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20
Q

What is the lagging strand?

A

The strand of DNA that elongates away from the replication fork.

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21
Q

Half of the old strand is used as the template of the new strand =

A

Semi-conservative Replication.

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22
Q

DNA replication in the nucleus only happens in ___________ cells.

A

Eukaryotic cells.

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23
Q

When does DNA replication happen?

A

Interphase

24
Q

Helicase:

A

Unzips DNA, breaks hydrogen bonds

25
Q

Polymerase:

A

Replicates DNA molecules to build a new strand

26
Q

Primase:

A

Makes primer so polymerase can start replicating

27
Q

Ligase:

A

Glues DNA fragments together

28
Q

What do single stranded binding proteins do?

A

Make sure that the separated strands dont come back together

29
Q

What is the lagging strand?

A

One of the strands that is opposite to the leading strand; it is synthesized discontinuously into small segments, called Okazaki Fragments.

30
Q

Where is DNA located?

A

Nuclus

31
Q

Where are proteins made?

A

Ribosomes

32
Q

Where are ribosomes located?

A

Cytoplasm

33
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

Molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate. Both DNA and RNA have them.

34
Q

What make up the rungs of DNA?

A

N-bases (DNA AND RNA)

35
Q

Ways DNA and RNA are similar?

A

• made up of nucleic acid
• made of nucleotides
• sides of ladder alternate
• rungs: N-bases

36
Q

How many kinds of amino acids are there? How many combinations?

A

20, 64

37
Q

Differences between DNA and RNA:

A

• RNA is single stranded
• RNA nucleotides: phosphate, RIBOSE sugar, and N-base T is replaced with U
• RNA shows up as: mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

38
Q

What is mRNA and what does it do?

A
  • long strands of RNA nucleotides formed complementary to a strand of DNA
  • takes the information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
39
Q

Where is the site of protein synthesis?

A

The ribosomes in the cytoplasm

40
Q

What is rRNA and what does it do?

A

Along with proteins, helps form ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
Responsible for reading the order of amino acids and linking them together.

41
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

Complementary codon to the codon on the mRNA strand

42
Q

3 _________ on mRNA are called a codon.

A

Nucleotides

43
Q

What is made during transcription

A

m RNA

44
Q

Transcription means:

A

Writing something down

45
Q

What is the template strand?

A

The first piece of DNA used to transcribe onto the mRNA is called the template strand
We read the template and make mRNA by copying the complementary bases with the help of RNA polymerase

46
Q

What helps make ribosomes?

A

rRNA

47
Q

Translation in simple terms?

A

Translating the message into making a protein

48
Q

The average protein contains ____-_____ amino acids.

A

100-500

49
Q

Long series of animo acids are called:

A

Polypeptide chains

50
Q

____(________) is the start codon

A

AUG (methionine)

51
Q

tRNA contains the _________ that is complementary to the codon

A

Anti-codon

52
Q

When AUG begins the process, its called:

A

Initiation

53
Q

When the correct amino acid is delivered, the process caller _______ begins

A

Elongation

54
Q

When the ribosome reaches the stop codon, _________ occurs

A

Termination

55
Q

A peptide bond is basically a ______ bond

A

Protein

Molecular Genetics And Biotechnology (4 decks)

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