Part 1

Question 1

Prokaryotes

Answer 1

non-nucleus, cells without nucleus

1. Their DNA is not enclosed within a membrane and is usually a singular circularly arranged chromosome.
2. Their DNA is not associated with histones; other proteins associated with the DNA.
3. Lack membrane-enclosed organelles.
4. their cell wallls almost always contain the complex polysaccarides peptidoglycan.
5. Usually divide by binary fisson

Question 2

Eukaryotes

Answer 2

true nucleus; cells with nucleus

1. DNA found in nucleus, separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane, and is found in multiple chromosomes.
2. DNA is consistently associated with chromosomal proteins called histones and with nonhistones.
3. Have a number of membrane-enclosed organelles.
   - Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and sometimes chloroplasts.
4. Cell walls present and chemically simple.
5. Cell division usually involves mitosis

Question 3

Coccus

Answer 3

Spherical, usually round but can be oval, elongated, or flattened on one side.

Question 4

Bacillus

Answer 4

Rod-shaped, often form long, twisted chains of cells.

Question 5

Spirilla

Answer 5

Have helical shape, like a corkscrew, and fairly rigid bodies.

Question 6

Diplococci

Answer 6

Cocci that remain in pairs after dividing.

Question 7

Streptococci

Answer 7

Cocci that divide and remain attached in chainlike patterns.

Question 8

Staphylococci

Answer 8

Cocci that divide in mulitiple planes and form grapelike clusters or broad sheets.

Question 9

Tetrads

Answer 9

Cocci that divide in two planes and remain in groups of four.

Question 9

Sarcinae

Answer 9

Cocci that divide in three planes and remian attached in cubelike groups of eight.

Question 9

Vibrios

Answer 9

Bacteria that look like curved rods.

Question 9

Monomorphic

Answer 9

Most bacteria maintain a single shape.

Question 10

Pleomorphic

Answer 10

Bacteria that can have many shape, not just one.

(Rhizobium and Corynebacterium)

Question 11

Glycocalyx

Answer 11

(means sugar coat)

term for substances that surround cells.

The bacterial glycocalyx is a sticky, gelatinous polymer that is external to the cell wall and composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide, or both.

Question 12

Capsule

Answer 12

If the substance (glycocalyx) is organized and is firmly attached to the cell wall.

Question 13

Slime Layer

Answer 13

If the substance (glycocalyx) is unorganized and only loosely attached to the cell wall.

Question 14

EPS (Extracellular Polymeric Substances)

Answer 14

A glycocalyx that helps cells in a biofilm attach to their target environment and to each other.

Protects the cells within it, facilitates communication among them, and enables the cells to survive by attaching to various surfaces in their natural environment.

Question 15

Flagella

Answer 15

Long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria.

Question 16

Atrichous

Answer 16

Bacteria that lack flagella.

Question 17

Peritrichous

Answer 17

Distributed over the entire cell.

Question 18

Monotrichous

Answer 18

A single flagellum at one pole.

Question 19

Lophotrichous

Answer 19

A tuft of flagella coming from one pole.

Question 20

Amphitrichous

Answer 20

Flagella at both poles of the cell.

Question 21

Motility

Answer 21

The ability of an organism to move by itself.

Question 22

Twitching motility

Answer 22

A pilus extends by the addition of subunits of pilin, makes contact with a surface or another cell, and then retracts as the pilin subunits are disassembled. Results in short, jerky, intermittent movements.

Question 23

Gliding Motility

Answer 23

The smooth gliding of myxobacteria. Provides a means for microbes to travel in environments with a low water content, such as biofilms and soil.

Question 24

Taxis

Answer 24

The movement of a bacterium toward or away from particular stimulus.

Question 25

Chemotaxis

Answer 25

The movement of a bacterium toward or away from chemical stimuli.

Question 26

Phototaxis

Answer 26

The movement of a bacterium toward or away light stimuli.

Question 27

Fimbriae

Answer 27

Can occure at the poles of the bacterial cell or can be evenly distributed over the entire surface of the cell.

Question 28

Pili

Answer 28

Usually longer than fimbriae and number only one or two per cell. Involved in motility and DNA transfer.

Question 29

Conjugation Pili

Answer 29

Allow the transfer of DNA from one cell to another. In this process, the conjugation pilus of one bacterium called F+ cell connects to receptos on the surface another bacterium of its own species or a different species. DNA from F+ cell is transferred to the other cell.

Question 30

Cell Wall

Answer 30

A complex, semirigid structure responsible for the shape of the cell.

Question 31

Lysis

Answer 31

Destruction caused by rupture of the plasma membrane and the loss of cytoplasm.

Question 32

Porins

Answer 32

Permit the passage of molecules such as nucleotides, disaccharides, peptides, amino acids, vitamin B12, and iron.

Question 33

LPS (lipopolysaccharides)

Answer 33

A large complex molecule that contains lipids and carbohydrates and consists of three components: 1. Lipid A 2. A core polysaccharide 3. O polysaccharide

Question 34

Mycolic Acid

Answer 34

(Hydrophobic waxy lipid) Prevents the uptake of dyes, including those used in the Gram stain.

Question 35

Protoplast

Answer 35

Wall-less cell. Spherical and is still capable of carrying on metabolism.

Question 36

Spheroplast

Answer 36

The cellular contents, plasma membrane, and remaining outer wall layer. Also a spherical structure.