parliament

Question 1

How did Parliament help Henry IV?

Answer 1

• 39 accusations against Richard II in first parliament Oct 1399, legitimised rule
• transferred power to Prince Henry due to Henry IV’s illness, chose 17 councillors to be led by Prince (Henry IV asked Parliament to appoint the council)
• Long Parliament 1406 reduced pressure of finances + used Exchequer to ensure taxes spent on defence, not royal household. Also reduced costs of royal household, led to taxes granted in 1407

Question 2

How did Parliament hinder Henry IV?

Answer 2

• 1406 Long Parliament (23 weeks long) due to criticism regarding Henry’s taxation leading to:
  
  • problems with trade
  • naval attacks from France
  • defence of Aquitaine
  • (Henry IV tried to pack Parliament)
• the Long Parliament led to tensions between Prince Henry and Henry IV, Henry IV was disillusioned as Prince Henry had a strong retinue including earls of Arundel and Warwick

Question 3

How did Parliament help Henry V?

Answer 3

• met frequently to discuss finances for Hundred Years War (twice in 1414. 1416 and 1421)
• Henry V responded to Parliament complaints e.g. about lawlessness from 1st Parliament in 1413, he took strong measures against lawlessness
• March 1416, tonnage and poundage for life after Agincourt
  
  • Henry V asked for a large grant not immediately but in October

Question 4

How did Parliament hinder Henry V?

Answer 4

• end of the reign, costs of France were high so royal debt increased, Parliament became reluctant to grant taxation
• Henry V didn’t personally attend Parliament 1417-1420
• May 1421, declined request for a tenth and a fifteenth
• these problems affected Henry VI more than Henry V

Question 5

How did Parliament help Henry VI?

Answer 5

• Nov-Dec 1422, minority council arranged in Parliament
• led minority rule until 1437
• 22 Parliaments held in Henry’s name 1422-61, focused on key defence of England against France
• arranged Protector (York) when Henry VI was incapacitated
• 1460, didn’t allow York to become king

Question 6

How did Parliament hinder Henry VI?

Answer 6

• criticising of ‘evil councillors’ who seemed to manipulate Henry VI for their own gain e.g. for patronage
• charged Suffolk with treason in 1450 against Henry VI’s wishes (but necessary to maintain control against rebellion)
• undermined Henry VI’s authority e.g. Act of Resumption 1450, 1459 Parliament of Devils
• passed 1460 Act of Accord which disinherited Prince Edward

Question 7

How did Parliament help Edward IV?

Answer 7

• Edward IV packed Parliament during controversial meetings e.g. by tampering with electoral accords
• 1478 charge of Clarence, 23/77 shires represented by at least 1 member of the royal household. Judicial murder yet passed by Parliament
• 1468, granted him a tenth and fifteenth

Question 8

How did Parliament hinder Edward IV?

Answer 8

• reluctant to grant taxation, e.g. 1472-75 would only give the money from the 4 tenths and fifteenths granted when definite plans for invasion made
• didn’t hinder much as he didn’t need Parliament after 1475 Picquigny (£10,000 per year)

Question 9

How did Parliament help Richard III?

Answer 9

• Richard also didn’t need Parliament for taxation, independent during only Parliament of 1484
• legitimised rule through 1484 Act of Bastardisation

Question 10

How did Parliament help Henry VII?

Answer 10

• 7-10 Dec 1485, attainted the closest followers of Richard III and petitioned Henry VII to marry Elizabeth of York
• Henry VII crowned 30 October
• reversed and destroyed Act of Bastardisation to legitimise Henry VII
• 14 Oct 1495, passed De Facto Act meaning that those fighting for Henry VII wouldn’t be charged with treason by a later king
• 16 Jan 1497, £120k in taxation raised for defence against Scots (largest taxation of the century), fixed county duties

Question 11

How did Parliament hinder Henry VII?

Answer 11

• 1504, they refused to grant retroactive feudal rights that Henry claimed for the knighting of Arthur (dead by this point) and marriage of Margaret