local disorder Flashcards
When did local disorder occur?
Coincided with poor kingship and chaos within the country, most of the local disorder was during Henry VI’s reign (and it carried on into Edward IV’s first reign)
Key figures of the Neville faction
- Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury (1400-1460)
- Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick (1428-71). His ascendancy through marriage to Anne Beauchamp and the title of Earl of Warwick in 1449 which gave him lands in the Midlands increased Percy resentment
- Thomas Neville
- John Neville, Lord Montagu
Key figures of the Percy faction
- Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland (1341-1408, killed in battle)
- Henry ‘Hotspur’ Percy (1364-1403, killed at Shrewsbury after rebellion)
- Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland (1393-1455), able to recover most of the lost estates
- Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland (1421-61)
- Thomas, Lord Egremont
- Ralph Percy
- Richard Percy
Who did the Nevilles ally with?
- York (common enemy = Somerset)
- Cromwell (allied through marriage)
Who were the Percys allied with?
- Somerset (common enemy = Nevilles)
- Exeter (common enemy = Nevilles + Cromwell)
- joined the Lancastrian side
What was the main trigger of the violent conflicts between the Nevilles and Percys in 1453-54?
- marriage of Thomas Neville to Maud Stanhope
- Maud Stanhope was the co-heiress of Lord Cromwell who had substantial Percy estates, meant Percy estates would be inherited by Nevilles
- Henry VI summoned both sides to tell them to stop fighting but both of them disregarded these commands due to Henry’s weak character + kingship
24 August 1453
- the day of the wedding between Maud Stanhope and Thomas Neville
- Nevilles returning from the wedding, a large force led by Richard Percy and Lord Egremont attempted to assassinate the married couple + Salisbury
- led to violence continuing into the winter
22 May 1455
- St Albans
- York took up arms against Somerset and Exeter due to their release after York’s Protectorate ended
- head of Percy family, Northumberland, killed
25 March 1458
- Loveday
- each faction paid substantial damages to those they offended
- Margaret of Anjou + York and new Somerset + Salisbury walked hand in hand to a service at St Paul’s Cathedral
Where was the Bonville/Courtenay dispute?
- South West
Courtenay family
- earls of Devon
- traditionally dominant in Devon
- by the 1430s, they were the poorest families of their rank
Who did Henry VI appoint to Royal Steward of Cornwall for life?
- William Bonville, Lord Harrington
- this position was traditionally given to the Courtenays so violence was triggered from the retinue of Thomas Courtenay, earl of Devon against the retinue of Lord Harrington
Who did the Bonvilles and Courtenays ally with in the 1430s and 1440s?
- Bonville = Suffolk, Margaret of Anjou (Lancastrian)
- Courtenay = York
1451 (Bonville/Courtenay)
Battle in Devon (Taunton Castle besieged by Courtenay side), battle was stopped by York
Who was married in 1455?
- Bonville married Katherine Neville
- signified the shift of the Bonvilles away from the Lancastrian side and to the Yorkist side (due to Yorkist influence over the King)
23 October 1455
Earl of Devon’s son (Courtenay) attacked and killed a Bonville senior councillor, marked the beginning of a violent period in the feud that continued into 1456
Wakefield deaths 1460
- York
- William Bonville’s son and grandson
- damage to the Yorkist side
St Albans 2 deaths
Bonville. He was made responsible for guarding Henry VI and after the battle, Henry VI was freed and Bonville was killed in a mock trial and then executed (instigated by Margaret and Courtenay)
What did Sir John Paston I claim in 1459?
- Sir John Fastolf’s inheritance (he was a wealthy Norfolk knight)
- he had claimed it against two other heirs -> conflict
- John Paston II also joined Edward IV’s household
What did Mowbray and de la Pole claim from Paston?
- Caister Castle seized by Mowbray in 1461
- two Norfolk manors were seized by de la Pole in 1465
- Mowbrays and de la Poles had territorial interests in estates claimed by the Pastons
What did Anthony Rivers do to the Pastons in 1466?
seized Paston property in the king’s name
1467 (Pastons)
- John Paston II takes part in a tournament against Rivers
- Caister Castle confirmed to belong to Pastons
1469 (Pastons)
- Norfolk (Mowbray) besieged Caister Castle for 5 weeks
- John III (younger brother) surrrendered
Who did John Paston II ally with in 1470?
- de Vere (Earl of Oxford), switched to the Lancastrian side
