PARKINSONS

Question 1

What is Juvenile Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 1

Rare cases occurring in younger individuals.

Question 2

What is Primary Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 2

No known cause; the most common form.

Question 3

What causes Secondary Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 3

Caused by identifiable factors such as trauma or exposure to toxins.

Question 4

What is Iatrogenic Parkinsonism?

Answer 4

Result of certain medications.

Question 5

What is Pseudo-Parkinsonism?

Answer 5

Mimics Parkinson’s symptoms but is caused by different conditions.

Question 6

What is Post-Encephalitic Parkinsonism?

Answer 6

Following encephalitis.

Question 7

Which neurotransmitter is mainly affected in Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 7

Dopamine.

Question 8

What are the key changes in Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 8

Destruction of cells in the substantia nigra, decrease in dopamine levels, imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, loss of control over voluntary movements.

Question 9

What are the cardinal signs of Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 9

Tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability, festination, and propulsive gait.

Question 10

What types of rigidity are associated with Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 10

Plastic (mild stiffness), cogwheel (spastic jerks during motion), lead-pipe (complete resistance to movement).

Question 11

What is Stage 1 of Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 11

Mild, unilateral symptoms.

Question 12

What is Stage 2 of Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 12

Bilateral symptoms with minimal disability.

Question 13

What is Stage 3 of Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 13

Moderate symptoms; some postural instability.

Question 14

What is Stage 4 of Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 14

Severe disability, still able to stand or walk with assistance.

Question 15

What is Stage 5 of Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 15

Complete dependence on others for daily activities.

Question 16

What is required for the diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 16

Presence of two cardinal signs and a medication trial.

Question 17

What are some secondary symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 17

Neurological (depression, insomnia, dizziness, blepharospasm), gastrointestinal (dysphagia, sialorrhea, constipation, weight loss), urinary (UTIs), and other issues (lower extremity edema, skin issues, breathing difficulties).

Question 18

What are some dopaminergic drugs used in the medical management of Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 18

Levodopa-Carbidopa (Sinemet), non-ergot derivatives (Requip, Mirapex), dopamine agonists (Parlodel, Permax), MAO inhibitors (Selegiline), antivirals (Amantadine), COMT inhibitors (Comtan).

Question 19

What are some medication side effects associated with Parkinson’s Disease treatment?

Answer 19

Orthostatic hypotension, dyskinesia, on-off phenomena, end-of-dose wearing off, hallucinations, agitation, and Parkinson’s crisis.

Question 20

What are the surgical options for Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 20

Stereotactic surgery (pallidotomy, thalamotomy), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and neurotransplantation (fetal cell transplantation).

Question 21

What nursing management strategies are important for Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 21

Administer exact doses of medications, monitor for side effects, maintain a quiet environment, manage diet, support mobility, monitor aspiration risk, and make referrals to specialists.