PARKINSONS Flashcards
What is Juvenile Parkinson’s Disease?
Rare cases occurring in younger individuals.
What is Primary Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease?
No known cause; the most common form.
What causes Secondary Parkinson’s Disease?
Caused by identifiable factors such as trauma or exposure to toxins.
What is Iatrogenic Parkinsonism?
Result of certain medications.
What is Pseudo-Parkinsonism?
Mimics Parkinson’s symptoms but is caused by different conditions.
What is Post-Encephalitic Parkinsonism?
Following encephalitis.
Which neurotransmitter is mainly affected in Parkinson’s Disease?
Dopamine.
What are the key changes in Parkinson’s Disease?
Destruction of cells in the substantia nigra, decrease in dopamine levels, imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, loss of control over voluntary movements.
What are the cardinal signs of Parkinson’s Disease?
Tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability, festination, and propulsive gait.
What types of rigidity are associated with Parkinson’s Disease?
Plastic (mild stiffness), cogwheel (spastic jerks during motion), lead-pipe (complete resistance to movement).
What is Stage 1 of Parkinson’s Disease?
Mild, unilateral symptoms.
What is Stage 2 of Parkinson’s Disease?
Bilateral symptoms with minimal disability.
What is Stage 3 of Parkinson’s Disease?
Moderate symptoms; some postural instability.
What is Stage 4 of Parkinson’s Disease?
Severe disability, still able to stand or walk with assistance.
What is Stage 5 of Parkinson’s Disease?
Complete dependence on others for daily activities.
What is required for the diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease?
Presence of two cardinal signs and a medication trial.
What are some secondary symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease?
Neurological (depression, insomnia, dizziness, blepharospasm), gastrointestinal (dysphagia, sialorrhea, constipation, weight loss), urinary (UTIs), and other issues (lower extremity edema, skin issues, breathing difficulties).
What are some dopaminergic drugs used in the medical management of Parkinson’s Disease?
Levodopa-Carbidopa (Sinemet), non-ergot derivatives (Requip, Mirapex), dopamine agonists (Parlodel, Permax), MAO inhibitors (Selegiline), antivirals (Amantadine), COMT inhibitors (Comtan).
What are some medication side effects associated with Parkinson’s Disease treatment?
Orthostatic hypotension, dyskinesia, on-off phenomena, end-of-dose wearing off, hallucinations, agitation, and Parkinson’s crisis.
What are the surgical options for Parkinson’s Disease?
Stereotactic surgery (pallidotomy, thalamotomy), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and neurotransplantation (fetal cell transplantation).
What nursing management strategies are important for Parkinson’s Disease?
Administer exact doses of medications, monitor for side effects, maintain a quiet environment, manage diet, support mobility, monitor aspiration risk, and make referrals to specialists.
