ENDOCRINE

Question 1

What is Triiodothyronine (T3)?

Answer 1

Contains 3 iodine atoms.

Question 2

What is Thyroxine (T4)?

Answer 2

Contains 4 iodine atoms.

Question 3

What does Calcitonin regulate?

Answer 3

Regulates calcium levels in the blood.

Question 4

How does T3 and T4 regulate TSH?

Answer 4

↓ T3/T4 → ↑ TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone).
↑ T3/T4 → ↓ TSH.

Question 5

How does Calcitonin regulate serum calcium levels?

Answer 5

↑ Calcitonin → ↑ serum calcium levels.
↓ Serum calcium → ↓ calcitonin secretion.

Question 6

What is the euthyroid state?

Answer 6

A state of normal thyroid function.

Question 7

What is the primary function of the thyroid?

Answer 7

Regulates metabolism.

Question 8

What is a goiter?

Answer 8

Thyroid enlargement.

Question 9

What is hyperfunction in relation to the thyroid?

Answer 9

Overactive thyroid.

Question 10

What is hypofunction in relation to the thyroid?

Answer 10

Underactive thyroid.

Question 11

What are common causes of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 11

Exogenous thyroid hormone and endogenous thyroid hormone.

Question 12

Who is most commonly affected by hyperthyroidism?

Answer 12

Most common in women aged 20–40; women affected 8–10 times more than men.

Question 13

What is Graves’ Disease?

Answer 13

Presence of TRAB (thyroid receptor antibodies) and TSI (thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins).

Question 14

What are clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 14

Fine tremors, insomnia, weight loss, palpitations, warm moist skin, menstrual irregularities.

Question 15

What is pretibial myxedema?

Answer 15

Swelling and thickening of skin on the lower legs.

Question 16

What is exophthalmos?

Answer 16

Protrusion of the eyes, eyelid lag, and globe lag.

Question 17

What are the grades of goiter?

Answer 17

Grade 0: No palpable/visible goiter.
Grade 1: Goiter palpable, moves with swallowing.
Grade 2: Visible and asymmetrical goiter.

Question 18

What are potential complications of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 18

Atrial fibrillation, osteoporosis, cardiac effects.

Question 19

What tests are used to diagnose hyperthyroidism?

Answer 19

TRH stimulation test, serum TSH, Free T3, and T4 levels.

Question 20

What are the management goals for hyperthyroidism?

Answer 20

Remove the underlying cause, reduce thyroid hyperactivity, provide symptomatic relief, prevent complications.

Question 21

What are beta blockers used for in hyperthyroidism?

Answer 21

Controls tachycardia and nervousness.

Contraindicated with diabetes, late pregnancy, bleeding disorders.

Question 22

What is radioactive iodine therapy (RAI)?

Answer 22

Most patients achieve euthyroid state in 3–6 months; potential hypothyroidism as a side effect.

Question 23

What is myxedema?

Answer 23

Severe hypothyroidism with respiratory failure, subnormal temperature, cardiovascular issues.

Question 24

What is the treatment for myxedema coma?

Answer 24

IV glucose, thyroid hormone replacement, corticosteroids, maintain vital functions.

Question 25

What is the primary medication for hypothyroidism?

Answer 25

Levothyroxine: Titrated slowly to avoid cardiovascular complications.

Question 26

What should patients with hyperthyroidism avoid?

Answer 26

Avoid stimulants like caffeine.

Question 27

What is the nursing care for postoperative thyroidectomy?

Answer 27

High-calorie, high-protein diet; monitor I&O; prevent neck hyperextension.