MUSCULOSKELETAL Flashcards
What is Kyphosis?
Kyphosis is a forward thoracic curve of the spine.
What is Scoliosis?
Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine.
What is Lordosis?
Lordosis is an inward curve of the lumbar spine.
What should be assessed during the examination of muscles, joints, and bones?
Muscle strength should be assessed and joint abnormalities checked.
What is Radiography (X-ray)?
Radiography (X-ray) is imaging of bone structures.
What does Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) measure?
DXA measures bone density.
What is Fluoroscopy used for?
Fluoroscopy is used for real-time imaging for joint movement.
What does Computed Tomography (CT) provide?
CT provides detailed cross-sectional images of bones.
What does Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) image?
MRI images soft tissue and joints.
What is Radionuclide Imaging?
Radionuclide Imaging includes bone scans and gallium scans to detect abnormalities.
What is Arthrocentesis?
Arthrocentesis is a needle aspiration of joint fluid for analysis.
What should be monitored after Arthrocentesis?
Monitor for infection, pain, or hematoma formation.
What is Arthroscopy?
Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive joint surgery.
What does Electromyography evaluate?
Electromyography evaluates muscle electrical activity.
What is a Biopsy?
A Biopsy is the removal of tissue for diagnosis.
What does Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) detect?
ANA detects autoimmune disorders.
What does C-Reactive Protein (CRP) indicate?
CRP indicates inflammation.
What does Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) measure?
ESR measures inflammation.
What do Mineral Metabolism Tests assess?
Mineral Metabolism Tests assess calcium/phosphorus balance.
What do Muscle Enzymes identify?
Muscle Enzymes identify muscle damage or disease.
What do Electrolytes monitor?
Electrolytes monitor for imbalances affecting muscles.
What is the pathophysiology of Osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis involves an imbalance where osteoclastic activity exceeds osteoblastic activity, leading to low bone mass, loss of calcium, and bone fragility.
What is a normal DXA T-Score?
A normal DXA T-Score is above -1.
What is Osteopenia in terms of DXA T-Score?
Osteopenia is defined as a DXA T-Score between -1 and -2.5.
What is Osteoporosis in terms of DXA T-Score?
Osteoporosis is defined as a DXA T-Score below -2.5.
What are some risk factors for Osteoporosis?
Risk factors include female gender, post-menopause, breastfeeding, ethnicity, family history, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, alcohol, and calcium/vitamin D deficiency.
What are some management strategies for Osteoporosis?
Management includes adequate calcium/vitamin D intake, weight-bearing exercise, and avoiding alcohol/tobacco.
What medications are used for Osteoporosis?
Medications include Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) and Diphosphonates (e.g., Fosamax).
What nursing considerations are important for Osteoporosis?
Nursing considerations include altered nutrition, impaired physical activity, and pain management.
What is Paget’s Disease?
Paget’s Disease is a chronic metabolic bone disorder with increased osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity, resulting in weak, large, disorganized bones.
What are clinical manifestations of Paget’s Disease?
Clinical manifestations include bone pain, nerve compression, deformities, arthritis, and pathologic fractures.
What is the treatment for Paget’s Disease?
Treatment includes pain management with NSAIDs, medications like Diphosphonates and calcitonin, and surgical intervention for complications.
What nursing management strategies are important for Paget’s Disease?
Nursing management emphasizes a balanced diet, medications, exercise, and fall prevention.
What is the pathophysiology of Osteoarthritis?
Osteoarthritis is a chronic joint disease characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage, affecting weight-bearing joints.
What are risk factors for Osteoarthritis?
Risk factors include age, obesity, repetitive joint injuries, and genetics.
What are clinical manifestations of Osteoarthritis?
Clinical manifestations include morning stiffness, pain worsening by day’s end, joint enlargement, and crepitus.
What are Heberden’s and Bouchard’s nodes?
Heberden’s nodes occur in distal joints, while Bouchard’s nodes occur in proximal joints.
What is the management for Osteoarthritis?
Management includes pain relief with NSAIDs, corticosteroids, weight management, and low-impact exercise.
What are surgical management options for Osteoarthritis?
Surgical management options include osteotomy, arthrodesis, and arthroplasty (e.g., total hip/knee replacement).
What are postoperative goals for Osteoarthritis surgery?
Postoperative goals include preventing deformities, restoring weight-bearing, using assistive devices, and pain relief.
What does RICE stand for in treating strains and sprains?
RICE stands for Rest, Ice (24–72 hrs), Compression, and Elevation.
What are the classifications of fractures?
Fractures can be classified as closed, open, complete, incomplete, comminuted, or depressed.
What are the grades for open fractures?
Grade I: <1 cm, minimal contamination; Grade III: >6 cm, extensive damage, heavy contamination.
What are the stages of bone healing?
The stages of bone healing are inflammatory phase, reparative phase, callus formation, and remodeling phase.
What is Compartment Syndrome?
Compartment Syndrome is a circulation impairment due to pressure, with symptoms including pain, pallor, paresthesia, and pulselessness.
What is Fat Embolism Syndrome?
Fat Embolism Syndrome occurs when fat globules cause ARDS, petechiae, and hypoxia.
What are symptoms of DVT?
Symptoms of DVT include calf pain, edema, and risk of pulmonary embolism.
What should be monitored in postoperative care for fractures?
Monitor for infection, DVT, compartment syndrome, and joint stiffness.
What is the 5 Ps of neurovascular assessment?
The 5 Ps are Pain, Pulse, Pallor, Paresthesia, and Paralysis.
What are important aspects of cast care?
Cast care includes elevating the extremity, assessing for pressure areas, and maintaining cleanliness.
What is involved in external fixation care?
External fixation care includes sterile pin care, monitoring for drainage/infection, elevation, and applying ice.
What should be ensured with Buck’s Traction?
Ensure alignment, maintain free-hanging weights, and prevent rope tangling.
What is Volkmann’s Contracture?
Volkmann’s Contracture is a permanent hand/wrist deformity resulting from ischemia.
What are long-term complications of fractures?
Long-term complications include avascular necrosis, delayed/non-union of fractures, and post-traumatic arthritis.
What are symptoms of Fat Embolism Syndrome?
Symptoms include chest pain, hypoxia, petechiae, fever, and respiratory distress.
What are signs of infection in fractures?
Signs of infection include wound drainage, fever, odor, and localized pain.
