Parkinson's Disease

Question 1

Paralysis Agitans

Answer 1

First described by James Parkinson in 1817 in his “Essay on Shaky Palsy” Renamed Parkinson’s Disease by Charcot

Question 2

3 Elements of Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 2

Rigidity-high level of muscle tonous
Akinesia-unable to execute desired movements
Tremor-from neck down

Question 3

Causes of Parkinsonism

Answer 3

Spanish Flu
Drug Induced (MPTP)
Coal Gas Poisoning
Manganese Poisoning
Vascular Problems
Tumors
Syphilis
Parkinsonism pugilistica
Genetics

Question 4

Idiopathic Parkinsonism (Parkinson’s Disease)

Answer 4

Don’t know where it comes from. Most common neurodegenerative disease and the most common degenerative disease effecting the motor system. Usually occurs late in life. Progressive Disease with an average survival time of 9 years.

Question 5

Oliver Sacks

Answer 5

Doctor at Long Island Jewish Hospital. Treated the “frozen addicts” with high levels of L-Dopa to unfreeze them.

Question 6

Bradykinesia

Answer 6

a general slowness in initiating voluntary movements such as standing up from a chair or eating.

Question 7

a general slowness in initiating voluntary movements such as standing up from a chair or eating

Answer 7

Bradykinesia

Question 8

Hypokinesia

Answer 8

an abnormally low amount of movement. Patient sits very still, with a blank, mask like expression, and little eye blinking.

Question 9

an abnormally low amount of movement. Patient sits very still, with a blank, mask like expression and little eye blinking

Answer 9

Hypokinesia

Question 10

Akinesia

Answer 10

Lack of movement

Question 11

Lack of movement

Answer 11

Akinesia

Question 12

Ataxia

Answer 12

Problems with balance

Question 13

Lack of balance

Answer 13

Ataxia

Question 14

Which part of the brain is effected in Parkinson’s Disease/.

Answer 14

Substantia Nigra, the main spot for producing dopamine.

Question 15

What were the first successful treatments for PD?

Answer 15

Anticholinergic drugs
scopolamine
Treat tremor, but agitate cognitive problems

Question 16

What has been the most common treatment of PD?

Answer 16

L-Dopa-could get through the blood brain barrier.

Had adverse side effects and a small threshold window

Question 17

What did they add to help with L-Dopa?

Answer 17

Dopa Decarboxylase inhibitor. Doses of L-Dopa could be cut by 75-80%

Question 18

Central Side Effects of L-Dopa

Answer 18

Psychotic
Depressive
Dyskinesias

Question 19

How have MAO inhibitors helped PD?

Answer 19

Slows down progression of disease. Prevents breakdown of Dopamine. May allow dopamine to act longer following its synthesis.

Question 20

Dopamine antagonists

Answer 20

Used before L-Dopa. Has adverse side effects. Mimic Dopamine.

Question 21

COMT-Inhibitors

Answer 21

Prevent break down of dopamine

Question 22

Tissue Graftss

Answer 22

Chromaffin cells from the adrenal gland (kidney)
Fetal tissue transplant from ventral mesencephalon
Embryonic Stem Cells

Question 23

Balance Theory

Answer 23

Parkinson’s Disease
Ach>Dopamine

Huntington’s Disease
Dopamine>Ach