Parkinson's Disease Flashcards
What causes PD?
Degeneration of the dopamine-producing neurons found within the substantia nigra.
Name 2 genes associated with PD?
Parkin
Alpha-synuclein
Which part of the brain are the substantia nigra found in?
There are 2 of these, found either side of the midbrain.
What are the characteristic symptoms of PD?
Tremor (resting)
Rigidity
Akinesia
Postural instability
Remember TRAP!
What is the difference in the tremor experienced in cerebellar dysfunction compared with that of PD?
Tremor in PD is at rest, improves with movement.
Tremor in cerebellar dysfunction is an intention tremor (not present at rest).
What is meant by rigidity?
Increased muscle tone felt when trying to move limbs passively.
What test is used to check for rigidity?
Froment’s manoeuvre.
This initiates the ‘cogwheel’ sign.
What is akinesia?
Slowness/absence of voluntary muscle movement.
What is the typical gait observed in a PD patient?
Slow gait, with narrow, shuffling steps.
Hesitation initiating movement and a stooped posture.
Which test is used to analyse posture and gait in suspected PD?
Pull test.
Are most cases of PD idiopathic or genetic?
Idiopathic (95%).
What is thought to be a marker of neuronal ill-health?
Presence of Lewy bodies.
Is PD the most common neurodegenerative disease?
No, Alzheimer’s disease is - PD is second.
What investigation methods are used in the diagnosis of PD?
It is usually a clinical diagnosis, although a DaTSCAN can be helpful (this shows function, not structure).
Response to dopamine therapy will back-up diagnosis.
What is a major prevailing factor common in those with PD?
Old age.