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Neurology > Neuropathology > Flashcards

Neuropathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 layers of mater called?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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2
Q

What is a red neuron?

A

A pathological hallmark of lethal injury to a neuron brought about by hypoxia or ischaemia.

Results in cell death.

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3
Q

What neuronal change occurs in response to chronic degenerative disease?

A

Simple neuronal atrophy

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4
Q

What are sub-cellular alterations of neurons also known as?

A

Inclusions

Common in AD.

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5
Q

What cells are affected in demyelinating disorders?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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6
Q

What is the role of astrocytes?

A

Maintenance of the blood brain barrier.

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7
Q

What is the process by which astrocytes produce scar tissue?

A

Gliosis

This is the most important indicator of CNS injury.

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8
Q

How do microglia respond to injury in the brain tissue?

A

Through proliferation and aggregation.

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9
Q

What are microglia?

A

The macrophages of the CNS.

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10
Q

What artery is most commonly affected by a thrombus to the Circle of Willis?

A

Middle cerebral artery

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11
Q

What % of the cardiac output goes to the brain?

A

Around 15%.

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12
Q

What is a common precipitating factor in infarct and haemorrhagic strokes?

A

Hypertension

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13
Q

What causes global ischaemic damage?

A

Systemic compromise which is not compensatable.

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14
Q

What causes focal ischaemic damage?

A

The restriction of blood flow to a particular area of the brain.

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15
Q

Are glial cells more susceptible to hypoxic injury than neurons?

A

No, neurons are.

These will be injured first.

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16
Q

How long does a TIA last?

A

Less than 24 hours.

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17
Q

How long does a stroke last?

A

Over 24 hours.

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18
Q

How long does it take for liquefactive necrosis to develop?

A

Months

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19
Q

What is reactive gliosis?

A

The process by which astrocytes increase in both number and size.

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20
Q

What can severe hypertension precipitate in the brain?

A

Hypertensive encephalopathy

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21
Q

What is amyloid angiopathy?

A

When abnormal protein sheets are deposited in the cerebral and meningeal vessels.

Makes them less likely to cope with increased pressure.

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22
Q

What are the most common congenital vascular abnormalities?

A

Arteriovenous malformations

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23
Q

Where is the most common site of an arteriovenous malformation?

A

Middle cerebral artery

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24
Q

What is the most common cause of spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Saccular/Berry aneurysm

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25
Q

Is subarachnoid haemorrhage more common in women or men?

A

Women

26
Q

What are symptoms of a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Abrupt onset headache
Vomiting
LOC

27
Q

What is the role of the falx cerebri?

A

To separate the cerebral hemispheres.

28
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Lateral ventricles

29
Q

What is the role of the CSF?

A

Prevent injury to the brain

Clear waste

30
Q

Are any cells present in a normal CSF sample?

A

No

31
Q

If lymphocytes are seen in CSF, what does this indicate?

A

Viral infection
Fungal infection
Autoimmune disease

32
Q

Raised neutrophil levels in the CSF are seen in what?

A

Bacterial infection

33
Q

Low glucose in the CSF indicates what?

A 
Bacterial infection (TB most commonly seen with this)
Fungal infection
34
Q

What is a hydrocephalus?

A

An accumulation of excessive CSF within the ventricular system.

35
Q

What can cause hydrocephalus?

A

Obstruction to CSF flow
Decreased resorption
Overproduction of CSF

36
Q

What is hydrocephalus ex vacuo?

A

The dilatation of the ventricles due to loss of brain parenchyma.

There is no raised ICP.

37
Q

Where is brain metastasis commonly found?

A

The boundary between the grey and white matter.

38
Q

What is a grade IV astrocytoma called?

A

Glioblastoma

39
Q

What is the most common tumour in kids?

A

Medulloblastoma

These occur at the midline, can cause hydrocephalus (if the flow of CSF is disrupted).

40
Q

What do multiple abscesses indicate?

A

Haematogenous spread

41
Q

How is a cerebral abscess diagnosed?

A

CT or MRI.

There will also be signs of infection and a raised ICP.

42
Q

What is bacterial meningitis?

A

Inflammation of the meninges due to bacteria.

A medical emergency.

43
Q

What are the two categories of head injury?

A

Penetrating

Blunt

44
Q

What is a key determinant in head injury severity?

A

Velocity

45
Q

Is primary brain injury reversible?

A

No, it is irreversible.

46
Q

What is a clinical hallmark of a primary brain injury?

A

Immediate cessation of consciousness level.

47
Q

What is a coup injury?

A

Injury at the side of the impact.

48
Q

What is a contracoup injury?

A

Injury diametrically opposite the point of impact.

49
Q

Is contracoup or coup injury worse?

A

Contracoup injury is worse.

50
Q

Disruption of what structures lead to the development of a subdural haematoma?

A

Bridging veins.

51
Q

Where do subdural haematomas occur?

A

Between the dura mater and arachnoid mater.

52
Q

Which patients usually present with a subdural haematoma?

A

Elderly patients with a clear history of trauma.

53
Q

In MS. what is commonly seen in the CSF?

A

Oligoclonal bands

54
Q

How does demyelination appear on a T2 weighted MRI scan?

A

Hyperintense regions

55
Q

What is the most common pattern of MS

A

Relapsing/Remitting

56
Q

Are MS plaques distributed symmetrically?

A

No

57
Q

What follows neuronal atrophy in degenerative disease?

A

Gliosis

58
Q

Is dementia a disease of symmetrical neuronal involvement?

A

Yes

59
Q

What is the most common form of dementia?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

60
Q

What are neurofibrillary tangles?

A

Bundles of insoluble microtubules within the cytoplasm of neurons.

Presence associated with AD.

61
Q

What mode of inheritance is seen in HD?

A

Autosomal dominant

It is a trinucleotide repeat disorder.

Neurology (22 decks)

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