Multiple Sclerosis Flashcards
What is the main pathological change observed in MS?
Demyelination
Is demyelination more common in the CNS or PNS in those with MS?
Predominantly in the CNS.
What are the areas of information called in MS?
Plaques
What are features of MS?
Optic neuritis Pyramidal dysfunction Sensory symptoms Urinary tract dysfunction Cognitive impairment Cerebellar and brainstem features
What is internuclear ophthalmoplegia?
Distortion of binocular vision, causing diplopia, nystagmus and lid lag.
How is diagnosis of MS reached?
Clinical diagnosis
What is seen in the CSF of patients with MS?
Oligoclonal bands (in 90% of cases).
How does MRI present in MS?
There will be bright areas (the plaques).
How is acute relapse of MS managed?
If mild - symptomatic
If moderate - give 3-5 days of oral steroids
If severe - IV steroids in hospital
What are examples of 1st line symptomatic MS treatments?
Interferon beta
Tecfidera (first choice)
Aubagio (teriflunomide)
What is 2nd line for symptomatic treatment for MS?
Monoclonal antibodies
Fingolimod
What is 3rd line for symptomatic treatment for MS?
Stem cell therapy
How is failing MS treatment observed on MRI?
There will be a greater glow from plaques.
Converse true if treatment is having an effect.
Which age does MS typically present and in which gender is it more commonly seen?
It usually presents in 30/40s.
More common in females.
What are the signs of cerebellar disease?
Dysdiadokinesis Ataxia Nystagmus Intention tremor Slurred speech Hypotonia
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