PARIS ANTHOLOGY - linguistic terms

Question 1

Define linguistics?

Answer 1

Investigating how language is used within the text to create meaning and convey attitudes.values.ideas and themes.

Question 2

What are the 6 language levels?

Answer 2

Lexis and semantics, Grammar, Phonetics, Graphology, Pragmatics, Discourse.

Question 3

What are the four open word classes?

Answer 3

• Noun
• Verb
• Adjectives
• Adverb

Question 4

Define noun?

Answer 4

A word that names a thing or concept.

Question 5

Define verb?

Answer 5

A word that shows a state of being, action or concept.

Question 6

Define adjective?

Answer 6

A word that modifies a noun (pre-modifier).

Question 7

Define adverb?

Answer 7

A word that modifies a verb, an adjective or adverb.

Question 8

What are the 4 closed word classes?

Answer 8

• Pronoun
• Determiner
• Preposition
• Conjunction

Question 9

Define pronoun?

Answer 9

Substitutes for a noun.

Question 10

Define determiner?

Answer 10

Ads detail to clarify to nouns.

Question 11

Define preposition?

Answer 11

Provides connections between words (place/time).

Question 12

Define conjunction?

Answer 12

Provides connections between phrases, clauses etc.

Question 13

Define semantics?

Answer 13

Semantics is the study of meaning in language

- We can explore the meaning of words by considering how they combine with other words.

Question 14

Define semantic field?

Answer 14

We can look at groups of words that are based around a topic or theme.

Example: “player”, “team” and “ball”are all from the semantic field of sport.

Question 15

Define collocates?

Answer 15

These are words that are commonly associated with each other.

Example: “cosmetic” and “surgery”.

Fixed expressions: so common that they become associated as one long structure: “at the end of the day”.

Question 16

Define metaphor?

Answer 16

We can understand an object, idea or concept metaphorically in terms or something else.

We typically understand abstract concepts such as our lives and emotions by seeing them in more concrete physical terms.

Example: life is a journey.

Question 17

Define grammar?

Answer 17

Language is systemic

morpheme - word - phrase - clause - sentence - sentence - text - smallest

Question 18

Define phrases?

Answer 18

The two most important types are:

Noun phrases - a group of words centred around a noun that acts as the “head” of the phrase.

Verb phrases - a group of words centred around a verb that acts as the “head pf the phrase.

Primary auxiliary verb (tense) be, do, have, is, was, been, has, had, does, did.
Modal auxiliary verb (commitment): should, will, must, could, would, may, can.

Question 19

Define clauses?

Answer 19

These are groups of words centred around a verb phrase.

Coordinating clauses: joining by coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS) can be stand on their own.

Subordinating clauses: joining two clauses with a subordinating conjunction which gives one heavier weighting.

Question 20

Define active/passive voice

Answer 20

Beast seriously injures baby = active

Baby is mauled by fox = passive.

Question 21

What are the sentence functions?

Answer 21

Statement - declarative
Question - interrogative
Command - imperative
Explanation -

Question 22

Define pragmatics?

Answer 22

Schema

• a bundle of knowledge about a concept, person or event.
• these are dynamic and can be amended or added to.
• they can share similar properties between individuals.

Question 23

Define deixis?

Answer 23

Deictic words are words that are context bound.

• their meaning depends on who is using them, where they are using them and when they are using them.

Question 24

What are the 3 deictic categories?

Answer 24

Person deixis: names and personal pronouns

Spacial deixis: adverbs of place (have, there) demonstratives showing location (this, that) orientational words (right. left) deictic verbs (come, go)

Temporal deixis: adverbs of time (today, yesterday, tomorrow).

Question 25

What are the two less common deictic categories?

Answer 25

Proximal deixis: deictic expressions that refer to concepts events or people close to the speaker.

Distal deixis: deictic expressions that refer to concepts, events or people distant from the speaker.