ASCND: techniques Flashcards
What are phonetics, phonology and prosodics?
how aspects of spoken language such as pitch, innovation and how volume is represented.
What is lexis and semantics?
How different associations of terms of address and characters’ lexical choices can represent character’s identities.
What is gramma?
How sentence types express characters attitudes and feelings and how lines are structured.
What is pragmatics?
How assumptions and inferences can be made by characters and by audiences through the writer’s choice of language.
What is discourse?
How playwrights use the convention of the dramatic genre their play and use typical features and naturally occurring speech to represent character’s intentions.
What is conflict?
The genre of DRAMA tends to lend itself to the further exploration of spoken interaction. as a play relies in spoken words and the interplay between the characters to express the writers intentions.
It’s also the genre that depends on the non-verbal parts we associate with spoken interaction, to add more meaning into the play.
What are the three politeness strategies?
- positive politeness
- negative politeness
- indirect request
What is positive politeness, any examples?
Strategy that address B’s positive face needs. This might include saying something at the start of that is complementary to B such as: ‘that’s a great album isn’t it’.
What is negative politeness, any examples?
Strategy that addresses B’s negative face needs. This might include apologising before speaking: ‘I’m really sorry to ask you this but…’ or trying to minimise the level of imposition: ‘Can you just turn the music down a little bit’.
What is an indirect request, any examples?
That avoids explicit and therefore tries to minimise any threat to face, for example by saying: ‘This is a great book, I’m reading’.
How do characters use positive politeness strategies to save each others positive face needs? (The desire to be liked, appreciated, approved etc…)
- Paying them complements eg “what a lovely dress”
- Taking an interest in their weltering eg “how are you?”
- Making it obvious you enjoy their company eg “this is nice”
- Seeking agreement and common ground eg (often by choosing safe topics)
- Avoiding disagreement (pretending to agree, tell a white lie)
- Making jokes
- Using friendly includive language (making assumptions - “alight if I just”)
- Using colloquial language showing your
How do characters use negative politeness strategies to save each other’s negative face needs (negative face is the desire not to be imported upon, intruded or otherwise put upon)?
- saying ‘excuse me’ before asking something.
- Being pessimistic eg ‘I know this is a stupid idea…’
- Giving deference eg ‘yes sir’
- Being apologetic eg ‘Sorry to bother you, but’
- Bring indirect eg ‘I don’t seem to have a en with me’
- Offering a choice eg ‘could you..’
What is the accommodation theory?
How people adjust their speech behaviours to match other. This can be aspects of agent, grammar, vocal and even style of speech delivery.
What is upward convergence?
A speakers emphasis n standard aspects of their speech emphasising the prestige of standards forms.
What is downward convergence?
A speakers emphasis on the non-standing aspects of their speech in order to match another speaker’s style.
What is the theory between ‘Power and Positioning’?
We can link ‘conflict’ to ideas around power, as claiming and exerting power over other people is a key way to getting what we want. power can be categorised in many ways.
What is positional power?
Where issues of hierarchy, status relationships and roles (occupational or social) are significant - for example, the power of a school head teacher over staff and students.
What is knowledge power?
Where others’ expertise and ideas afford power - for example, a doctors’ medical knowledge over the patient.
What is personal power?
Where others can have an influence over us based on such things as charisma, admiration and fear - for exam a school bully ir political leader.
What things will we look for in a set when searching for how power is presented?
Register Informal/colloquial language Interruptions Topic shifts Fillers/hedges Exclamatives/interrogatives/imperatives/declaratives Turn length metaphor/symbolism Stage directions
