~Parenting Styles Flashcards
What is an example of a two-person dyad relationship in a family?
The relationship between one caregiver and the child, and the other caregiver and the child
What problem can occur between parents that can cause tension throughout the entire family?
Strong disagreement on parenting style, the rules they want to set, and the expectations they have of their child
The family is a ___ & ___ system of interconnected parts
dynamic // holistic
What type of caregiving is best for a child
Caregiving that is responsive to the child’s needs and developmental level. “Goodness of Fit”
What is Demandingness/Control?
Setting rules, stating expectations clearly, and supervising child to ensure both are being met
What is Acceptance/Responsiveness?
Showing warmth and affection; being responsive to the child’s needs, wants, concerns, and being willing to listen
In a Western context, you tend to see that parents who are low in ___, also are frequently ones who are lower in ___
responsiveness // acceptance, affection and warmth
In the context of Parenting Styles and Parenting Dimensions, is being controlling a bad thing?
No. In this context, the control that we’re talking about is what would often be characterized as behavioural control
What is Behavioural Control?
Regulating child’s conduct through rules, setting expectations, firm (but reasonable) discipline, & monitoring
Being high in ___ Control tends to be associated with a number of positive developmental outcomes
Behavioural
What is Psychological Control?
Attempts to control a child’s behaviour through withholding affection; inducing shame/guilt
What is Uninvolved/Neglectful Parenting?
They are checked out of their child’s life. In some cases, this can be willful neglect or willful rejection of their parenting role. In others, it can be the consequence of the parent being overwhelmed by barriers that prevent them from being a good parent
What are the characteristics of Uninvolved/Neglectful Parenting?
Low Demandingness/Control & Low Acceptance/Responsiveness
What is Permissive Parenting?
Permissive parents will let their kids do whatever, they can try whatever they’d like, they often give the child whatever they want, and don’t set a lot of rules
What are the characteristics of Permissive Parenting?
Low Demandingness/Control & High Acceptance/Responsiveness
What is Authoritarian Parenting?
Authoritarian Parents are not openly warm or affectionate, set strict rules and expectations, and don’t want to hear their child’s arguments on their opinions on rules and boundaries
What are the characteristics of Authoritarian Parenting?
High Demandingness/Control & Low Acceptance/Responsiveness
What is Authoritative Parenting?
Authoritative Parents give kids rules, expectations, guidelines, are responsive to their child’s current ability and their readiness for independence, are warm and affectionate, and are willing to listen to their child if they don’t like a rule.
Authoritarian Parents are more likely to show regular ___.
Psychological Control
Uninvolved Parenting tends to be associated with more ___ developmental outcomes.
negative
Uninvolved Parenting tends to be associated with more ___ developmental outcomes.
negative
Children of Uninvolved Parents often grow up feeling ___ or ___.
overlooked // neglected
The children of what Parenting Styles show higher levels of impulsivity, non-compliance, rebellion, and struggle to follow rules?
Uninvolved and Permissive Parents
What Parenting Style is associated with low self-esteem?
Uninvolved Parents
What Attachment style do children of Uninvolved Parents show?
Insecure Attachment, specifically, Avoidant Attachment
What life skills/struggles do children of Uninvolved Parents experience?
- Lower social/academic skills; lack long-term goals
- Antisocial behaviour; depression
- Violence, bullying, substance use, depression, and other mental health challenges tend to be higher in this group
What are characteristics/personality traits of children of Permissive Parents?
Rebellious, lack of self-control; impulsive; bossy; irresponsible
Children of what Parenting Style are quick to anger, but often quick to recover their cheerful mood?
Permissive Parents
What life skills/struggles do children of Permissive Parents experience?
- Aimless; low persistence and low achievement orientation
- Don’t have a direction, or long-term plans they want to follow.
- Not as motivated to push through tasks, especially difficult ones that are a bit frustrating.
- Lack a sense of persistence
- More likely to conform to peers
What are characteristics/personality traits of children of Authoritarian Parents?
Dependant, anxious, apprehensive; less self-assured, passive
What life skills/struggles do children of Authoritarian Parents experience?
- Struggle to make their own decisions and do things for themselves sometimes.
- Not developing a sense of why in decision making skills
- Not developing an internal sense of how to behave when they don’t have someone there telling them how to behave
What emotions does a child of Authoritarian Parents show when frustrated?
- Moodiness, unhappiness; hostility
- Alternation between aggressive behaviour and sulky withdrawal
What Parenting Styles have child outcomes that include good academic outcomes and minimal/no antisocial behaviour?
Authoritarian & Authoritative Parenting
Authoritative Parents show ___ Control, but not ___ Control
Behavioural // Psychological
Why is Authoritative Parenting associated with consistently positive outcomes?
In large part, due to the combination of high Acceptance, guidance, & high control
What life skills do children of Authoritative Parents experience?
- Self-controlled, self-reliant, responsible
- Better at making their own decisions because they have received a good framework of rules and boundaries, and have been explained to WHY they exist.
- High persistence
- Intellectually and socially curious
- Socially skilled and mature; cooperative; good impulse control
- Copes well with stress
What are characteristics/personality traits of children of Authoritative Parents?
Cheerful, upbeat, & responsible
The research around how Parenting Styles relate to child outcomes is ___, and is based on ___ research.
associative // correlative
What is the Parent-Effects Model?
“When parents do X, it causes children to develop Y way”
What is the problem with the Parent-Effects Model?
It is too simplistic a way of looking at it, because it’s also true that children’s characteristics influence their parents’ decisions
What is the more modern model for parent-child relationships?
The Transactional Model
What is the Transactional Model?
The Transactional Model is basically making the same claims as the Parent-Effects Model, except it’s more of a back-and-forth loop that evolves over time
When trying to understand what types of parent-child dynamics lead to particular outcomes, we are trying to understand the ___.
causality
What is a method that can be used to better understand the relationships between parenting styles and child outcomes?
To use things like surveys, where you ask both the parent and the child about their experiences. You could then categorize parents into one of the 4 parenting styles, and look for patterns in how that relates to the child’s outcomes.
Research suggests that if you can improve the ___ of parenting behaviours, you can ___ the child’s outcomes
quality // improve
What makes Authoritative Parenting effective?
- Involves a warm parent–child relationship (ideal for many reasons!)
- Strikes a balance between boundaries & autonomy
- Rules don’t seem arbitrary, and are explained to the child—more likely to be internalized
- Verbal give-and-take: Promotes emerging cognitive skills
What makes Authoritative Parenting effective?
- Involves a warm parent–child relationship (ideal for many reasons!)
- Strikes a balance between boundaries & autonomy
- Rules don’t seem arbitrary, and are explained to the child—more likely to be internalized
- Verbal give-and-take: Promotes emerging cognitive skills
Is Authoritative Parenting always the “best” parenting style?
No, the “best” parenting style is the one that fits the family’s context, meets their needs, and is well-suited to the child’s situation and abilities
