~Infant Learning Flashcards
What is Learning?
Learning refers to a change in behaviour (or in behaviour potential) that meets 3 requirements
What are the 3 requirements of Learning?
- Learning leads to individuals to think, perceive, or react to the environment in a new way
- Learning-related changes result from the person’s experiences (not from hereditary influences, maturational processes, or physiological damage).
- Learning-related changes are relatively permanent, or at least medium to long-term (not immediately forgotten or caused by a temporary state like fatigue)
Does it count as learning if you have learned enough that you could do something new, or could think about the world in a new way, that would qualify as learning even if you’re not necessarily demonstrating it outwardly?
Yes
Is puberty considered as Learning?
No
Is physiological damage, like a brain injury, considered to be learning?
No
What are the two forms of Associative Learning?
Classical & Operant Conditioning
What is Classical Conditioning?
You are learning an association between two stimuli
Through classical conditioning, we learn that the ___ predicts the arrival of the ___.
Condition Stimulus (CS) // Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Once learned, the ___ elicits a preparatory response of the ___.
Condition Stimulus (CS) // Conditioned Response (CR)
In Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning experiment, the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is the ___, the Unconditioned Stimulus (US) is the ___, and the Conditioned Response is the ___
Bell // Food // Salivation
Who created Classical Conditioning?
Pavlov
What is Classical Conditioning useful for in learning?
Lets us make predictions about what is likely to come up in our immediate environment, and prepare accordingly
Who did the famous Classical Conditioning experiments on Little Albert?
John Watson
In Classical Conditioning, the ___ and ___ are related to each other automatically, or unconditionally.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US) // Response
In the Little Albert experiment, the Bunny was the ___, Alberts response to the Bunny was the ___, the loud bang was the ___, and Alberts response to the loud bang was the ___
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) // Conditioned Response (CR) // Unconditioned Stimulus (US) // Unconditioned Response (UR)
What is Counter-Conditioning?
Teaching a baby not be fearful of something, like the family dog, using classical conditioning skills
What is Operant Conditioning?
Operant Conditioning is learning an association, the association is a little bit more involved, and there are three major parts to it.
Put another way, OPERANT CONDITIONING is the learning of a stimulus (S), response (R), outcome (O) association
Operant Conditioning is much more about our ___
Voluntary Behaviours
Through operant conditioning, children learn that their ___ lead to a particular consequence. This affects the likelihood that they will repeat that behaviour in future (making it more or less likely)
behaviours
What can Operant Conditioning be useful for doing?
Can be useful for shaping kids into safe, healthy, productive behaviours. Can also help reduce undesirable behaviours
In Operant Conditioning, the ___ is crucial, because that is what leads to the change in behaviour in the future
outcome piece
Rewarding a toddler with a treat or praise when they use the potty is an example of ___
Operant Conditioning
What are the 4 possible consequences/outcomes that occur in the context of Operant Conditioning?
Reinforcement and Punishment. Positive and Negative Outcomes
Which dimensions deal with how the outcome you experience changes your future behaviour?
Whether the outcome is a form of Reinforcement or a form of Punishment
