~Hereditary Flashcards
What studies can help us make rough estimates of genetic influences on behaviour?
Family Studies, Twin Studies, & Adoption Studies
How does a Twin Study work?
Recruit a bunch of identical twins who share basically 100% of their genes, and you would compare them with groups of fraternal twins, who share 50% of their genes.
Use differences in genetic relatedness to estimate how much that predicts differences in your traits
What are Adoption Studies looking at?
Using environment to see what effect that has on the child
Temperament-related traits are ___ heritable
moderately
Heritability estimates tend to be stronger for the ___ Emotionality dimensions
Negative
Negative Emotionality is related to strong ___ responses
Physiological
What physiological responses might you see in kids who are High in Behavioural Inhibition when introducing something new or surprising?
Higher cortisol levels & higher heart rates
For babies High in Behavioural Inhibition/Negative Emotionality you tend to see ___ electrical/neuron activity, in the ___ of the brain, and ___ reactivity in the ___
increased // right Frontal Lobe // stronger // Amygdala
What is the function of the Frontal Lobe?
Processing emotions
What is the function of the
Amygdala?
Processes emotions and then passes them on to the front lobes
Kids Low in Negative Emotionality tend to show either ___ left hemisphere activation or more ___ activation between the two hemispheres
stronger // balanced
Negative Emotionality tends to be relatively ___ over time, even into adulthood
stable
Stability of Behavioural Inhibition tends to be strongest at the ___
extremes
What are Passive Gene-Environment Correlations?
Biological parents create infants’ environment. Their choices are influenced by the parents’ own genetic predispositions
At what age are Passive Gene-Environment Correlations most relevant?
Infants and toddler-age because at that age, we are not the main drivers of our own environmental context, your parents are making the decisions for you and shaping your environment.
At what age are Passive Gene-Environment Correlations least relevant?
Become less relevant in teenage years and adulthood as we get older and start to become more active in decision making
Passive Gene-Environment Correlations are only applicable to children who are being raised by ___
Biologically related caregivers
What are Evocative Gene–Environment Correlations:?
Infants’ inherited predispositions evoke certain types of physical and social environments from others
What is an example of an Evocative Gene-Environment Correlations?
If you take a video of a single baby and tell some people it’s a little boy, they will interpret the behaviours that the baby is showing one way. If you tell other people that the baby is a little girl, they interpret the exact same behaviours as reflecting different characteristics
Why do Evocative Gene–Environment Correlations tend to stay stable throughout our lives?
Because our behaviours are interpreted by others, and the way that those people perceive us affects how they interact with us
There is a relation between ___ Correlations and Bronfenbrenner’s idea of ___ Characteristics
Evocative Gene–Environment Correlations // Demand
What are Active Gene-Environment Correlations?
We seek out environments that are suited to our preferences and abilities
___ Correlations are the inverse of ___ Correlations
Active Gene-Environment // Passive Gene-Environment
___ Correlations tend to be less prominent when we’re young, but become more prominent as we get older
Active Gene–Environment
What is Goodness of Fit?
Goodness of fit is the extent to which a child’s temperament matches the environmental demands that they must cope with
What does it mean if there is Goodness of Fit of the Child’s Environment
Goodness of Fit of the Child’s Environment is the idea that when the environmental demands that a child is faced with are aligned well with their Temperamental characteristics, the child is most likely to thrive, their development is optimized
