~Hereditary

Question 1

What studies can help us make rough estimates of genetic influences on behaviour?

Answer 1

Family Studies, Twin Studies, & Adoption Studies

Question 2

How does a Twin Study work?

Answer 2

Recruit a bunch of identical twins who share basically 100% of their genes, and you would compare them with groups of fraternal twins, who share 50% of their genes.

Use differences in genetic relatedness to estimate how much that predicts differences in your traits

Question 3

What are Adoption Studies looking at?

Answer 3

Using environment to see what effect that has on the child

Question 4

Temperament-related traits are ___ heritable

Answer 4

moderately

Question 5

Heritability estimates tend to be stronger for the ___ Emotionality dimensions

Answer 5

Negative

Question 6

Negative Emotionality is related to strong ___ responses

Answer 6

Physiological

Question 7

What physiological responses might you see in kids who are High in Behavioural Inhibition when introducing something new or surprising?

Answer 7

Higher cortisol levels & higher heart rates

Question 8

For babies High in Behavioural Inhibition/Negative Emotionality you tend to see ___ electrical/neuron activity, in the ___ of the brain, and ___ reactivity in the ___

Answer 8

increased // right Frontal Lobe // stronger // Amygdala

Question 9

What is the function of the Frontal Lobe?

Answer 9

Processing emotions

Question 10

What is the function of the

Amygdala?

Answer 10

Processes emotions and then passes them on to the front lobes

Question 11

Kids Low in Negative Emotionality tend to show either ___ left hemisphere activation or more ___ activation between the two hemispheres

Answer 11

stronger // balanced

Question 12

Negative Emotionality tends to be relatively ___ over time, even into adulthood

Answer 12

stable

Question 13

Stability of Behavioural Inhibition tends to be strongest at the ___

Answer 13

extremes

Question 14

What are Passive Gene-Environment Correlations?

Answer 14

Biological parents create infants’ environment. Their choices are influenced by the parents’ own genetic predispositions

Question 15

At what age are Passive Gene-Environment Correlations most relevant?

Answer 15

Infants and toddler-age because at that age, we are not the main drivers of our own environmental context, your parents are making the decisions for you and shaping your environment.

Question 16

At what age are Passive Gene-Environment Correlations least relevant?

Answer 16

Become less relevant in teenage years and adulthood as we get older and start to become more active in decision making

Question 17

Passive Gene-Environment Correlations are only applicable to children who are being raised by ___

Answer 17

Biologically related caregivers

Question 18

What are Evocative Gene–Environment Correlations:?

Answer 18

Infants’ inherited predispositions evoke certain types of physical and social environments from others

Question 19

What is an example of an Evocative Gene-Environment Correlations?

Answer 19

If you take a video of a single baby and tell some people it’s a little boy, they will interpret the behaviours that the baby is showing one way. If you tell other people that the baby is a little girl, they interpret the exact same behaviours as reflecting different characteristics

Question 20

Why do Evocative Gene–Environment Correlations tend to stay stable throughout our lives?

Answer 20

Because our behaviours are interpreted by others, and the way that those people perceive us affects how they interact with us

Question 21

There is a relation between ___ Correlations and Bronfenbrenner’s idea of ___ Characteristics

Answer 21

Evocative Gene–Environment Correlations // Demand

Question 22

What are Active Gene-Environment Correlations?

Answer 22

We seek out environments that are suited to our preferences and abilities

Question 23

___ Correlations are the inverse of ___ Correlations

Answer 23

Active Gene-Environment // Passive Gene-Environment

Question 24

___ Correlations tend to be less prominent when we’re young, but become more prominent as we get older

Answer 24

Active Gene–Environment

Question 25

What is Goodness of Fit?

Answer 25

Goodness of fit is the extent to which a child’s temperament matches the environmental demands that they must cope with

Question 26

What does it mean if there is Goodness of Fit of the Child’s Environment

Answer 26

Goodness of Fit of the Child’s Environment is the idea that when the environmental demands that a child is faced with are aligned well with their Temperamental characteristics, the child is most likely to thrive, their development is optimized