Parenting and Attachment

Question 1

what is attachment?

Answer 1

a strong enduring relationship, with a desire to seek proximity and contact

Question 2

what are attachment behaviours?

Answer 2

behaviours that result in seeking or maintaining proximity to another individual

Question 3

bowlby’s attachment theory

Answer 3

saw prolonged maternal separation as a cause of delinquent character development

Question 4

what did bowlby speculate?

Answer 4

caregiver absence has a large impact on children’s emotional wellbeing and mental health

Question 5

when are internal working models of relationships developed?

Answer 5

after 2-years-old, where children develop representations of caregiving behaviour and self

Question 6

feelings of security encourage _________ behaviour

Answer 6

exploration

Question 7

feelings of fear encourage _________ behaviour

Answer 7

attachment

Question 8

what is necessary for attachment?

Answer 8

sustained parental contact and responsive parenting

Question 9

what does the quality of early caregiver-child relationships influence?

Answer 9

mental health and capacity to develop relationships

Question 10

what did ainsworth develop?

Answer 10

the strange situation test

Question 11

strange situation test

Answer 11

observed individual differences in exploration and attachment behaviours in 1- to 2-year-olds in response to stress

Question 12

when was increased exploration behaviour found?

Answer 12

when the parent was present

Question 13

when was increased attachment behaviour found?

Answer 13

when the parent left

Question 14

what is attachment security?

Answer 14

a balance between attachment and exploration

Question 15

three types of attachment classification

Answer 15

secure, avoidant, resistant

Question 16

secure attachment

Answer 16

70%
the child quickly and positively responds to the caregiver upon return

Question 17

avoidant attachment

Answer 17

20%
not distressed when separated and fails to greet parent on reunion

Question 18

resistant attachment

Answer 18

10%
very distressed when parent leaves and may react positively upon reunion. the parent is not effective at reducing stress and the child resists contact

Question 19

what can impact children’s attachment quality?

Answer 19

individual differences in parental sensitivity

Question 20

what does parental sensitivity consist of?

Answer 20

• awareness of child’s signals
• interpretation of signals
• appropriate response
• promptness of response

Question 21

which caregivers were more likely to end up in the secure attachment classification?

Answer 21

those that exhibited the most sensitivity

Question 22

what determines the security of attachment?

Answer 22

early parenting quality

Question 23

bakermans-kranenburg (2003) found intervention training…

Answer 23

had a significant .39 effect on infant attachment quality- the primary determinant of their attachment securityu

Question 24

bakermans-kranenburg (2003) found intervention training…

Answer 24

had a significant .39 effect on infant attachment quality- the primary determinant of their attachment security

Question 25

alternative nature influences on attachment security

Answer 25

strange situation measures differences in reactivity and regulation, rather than quality of caregiver-child relationship

Question 26

what do heritable traits (temperament) capture?

Answer 26

an endogenous, innate difference between children

Question 27

groh et al (2017) conducted a meta-analysis and found…

Answer 27

high levels of negative temperament were not associated with secure or avoidant behaviour

a modest association between negative temperament and resistance attachment

Question 28

what is indicated by twin studies?

Answer 28

common environment determines individual differences in attachment

Question 29

proof attachment is not determined by genetics

Answer 29

it is relationship-specific, as children can receive a different attachment classification depending on the caregiver they are seen with

Question 30

evidence of a gene-environment interaction

Answer 30

children with different temperaments (reactivity and regulation) may respond to caregiving in different ways

Question 31

what did klein-velderman (2006) find among high-reactive infants?

Answer 31

intervention increased attachment security (.64) which was not seen in low-reactive infants (.11)

Question 32

what can genetically based temperaments impact?

Answer 32

the degree to which parenting influences attachment security