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LC LIFESPAN PSYCHOLOGY A > Nature-Nurture > Flashcards

Nature-Nurture Flashcards

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1
Q

what are correlation coefficients?

A

a standardised way to describe the strength and direction of the relationship between variables

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2
Q

small correlation

A

.15

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3
Q

medium correlation

A

.25

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4
Q

large correlation

A

.35

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5
Q

what is intelligence?

A

an ability to understand complex ideas and adapt to the environment- being able to cope with novel problems

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6
Q

what do intelligence tests attempt to measure?

A
  • verbal ability
  • non-verbal reasoning
  • working memory
  • processing speed
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7
Q

how can the development of intelligence be described?

A

discontinuity and stability

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8
Q

what is spearman’s ‘positive manifold’?

A

in large samples, scores within each cognitive domain tend to correlate with each other

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9
Q

what did spearman claim correlation in these tasks was evidence of?

A

general intelligence (g)

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10
Q

what did cattell and thorndike claim?

A

these tests measured various kinds of ability

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11
Q

cattell’s two types of intelligence

A

fluid intelligence and crystallised intelligence

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12
Q

fluid intelligence

A

the ability to work things out with no previous knowledge

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13
Q

crystallised intelligence

A

the established store of knowledge from being exposed to culture and environment

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14
Q

what did a meta-analysis of 460 datasets establish?

A

positive manifold is one of the most replicated findings in psychology

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15
Q

what is factor analysis?

A

a statistical technique developed by spearman to pull out commonalities and differences between the tests

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16
Q

what is IQ?

A

a metric to quantify intelligence, and these tests have a normal distribution

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17
Q

what is the mean IQ?

A

100

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18
Q

what is the standard deviation?

A

15

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19
Q

what do intelligence tests show strong levels of?

and what is this evidence of?

A

test-retest reliability and different IQ tests have strong correlations

evidence of the underlying skill of ‘g’

20
Q

what did deary (2002) find about IQ?

A

shows strong rank-order stability across the lifespan

21
Q

when does intelligence increase?

A

from 11-79

22
Q

when did intelligence have a marked decline?

A

from 87-90

23
Q

when did fluid intelligence see a rapid growth?

A

during childhood, and a sharp decline upon getting older

a downhill trajectory from 20

24
Q

when does crystallised intelligence see a massive growth?

A

during childhood, but this remains fairly stable

25
Q

what have twin studies been used for?

A

to understand the role of genetics and environment on intelligence

26
Q

correlation of MZ and DZ twins on IQ tests

A

MZ twins found to have a .86 correlation vs .60 for DZ twins

suggests there is a strong genetic component to intelligence, as even MZ twins living apart correlate

27
Q

twin studies claim that __% of the variance in intelligence is determined by genetic factors

A

50%, however they are still unable to explain the specific genes involved in intelligence

28
Q

what did davis and haworth discover about heritability?

A

heritability of intelligence changes with age, and genetic effects become more significant at later stages of life
- this suggests we are less susceptible to environments as we get older

29
Q

what is another explanation of davis and haworth’s findings?

A

it may be that DNA does not change, but rather the relative important of genetic differences for intelligence is changing

30
Q

what are single nucleotide polymorphisms?

A

a type of genetic variation

31
Q

why is it important to identify specific genomic variants?

A

it makes it possible to identify whether someone has a certain polymorphism

32
Q

what does research suggest about nucleotide polymorphisms?

A

that SNPs (individual genes) tend to have very small effects on intelligence

this suggests that intelligence is polygenic- looking at many different SNPs working together

33
Q

what is a ‘genome-wide polygenic score’?

A

each individual has one, which consists of counting target alleles

34
Q

what have recent studies found significant associations between?

A

GPS and intelligence, but this still accounts for roughly 10% of the variance in intelligence being associated with genetic factors

35
Q

twin studies vs SNPs

A

this suggests that not all SNPs have been identified, or that twin studies have overestimated the genetic influence of intelligence

36
Q

types of environmental influences

A

biological (nutrition, chemical exposure)
social (schooling, family)

37
Q

what can children’s IQ be explained by?

A

range of family factors such as warmth in the home and resources

38
Q

why is it difficult to explain environmental associations?

A

the connections may not be driven by social causation (social factors), but rather social selection (genetic factors)

39
Q

what meta-analysis supports the idea of social causation over social selection

A

a meta-analysis of quasi experimental studies looked to see if education reform improved education. IQ increased as years in education increased

40
Q

what can adoption studies be used to look at?

A

the relative effects of new environment on children’s intelligence

41
Q

romanian children adopted away from foster homes had a higher IQ than children who remained in the institutions.
what does this suggest?

A

living with a family environment helped to develop their intelligence and reach their full cognitive potential

42
Q

it is possible that ______ __________ can moderate genetic influence on IQ

A

shared environments

43
Q

what factors can allow children to live up to their genetic potential?

A

being in a supportive or higher socioeconomic environment

natural tendencies (genetic influences) for intelligence are more fully expressed in nourishing environments

44
Q

what did results find that heritability increased with?

A

socioeconomic status

this can be explained in western europe due to free healthcare and childcare

45
Q

what do shared environments argue against?

A

the gene-environment dichotomy, by stating that the environment might be able to influence the degree to which genes effect our intelligence

LC LIFESPAN PSYCHOLOGY A (10 decks)

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