Parental and Family Risk Factors

Question 1

Risk factors of parents/family factors (6)

Answer 1

-Single-parent households
-Parental Practices
-Parental styles
-Parental monitoring
-Siblings
-Parental psychopathology

Question 2

single-parent households

Answer 2

Biggest thing is the effect on self-esteem and over all skill sets, divorce isn’t always a bad thing if it is the right choice for the relationship and the child-parent relationship is good.
-Mandatory parenting after separation course
Economic status and a degree of emotional support by others is important.

Question 3

Good Parenting Practices

Answer 3

Strategies employed by parents to help children achieve specific academic, social, or athletic goals across different contexts
-Allowance, reading and valuing education, school involvement, sport/club involvement

Question 4

Poor parenting practices

Answer 4

corporal punishment and often devoid of positive lessons

Question 5

Parental styles

Answer 5

parent-child interactions characterized by parental attitudes toward the child and the emotional climate of the parent-child relationship.
-gestures, tone of voice, overall interactive style, belief system.
-Most parents bounce between permissive and authoritative styles

Question 6

Baumrind’s four parental styles

Answer 6

-Authoritarian
-Permissive
-Authoritative
-Neglecting

Question 7

Authoritarian

Answer 7

• Parent believes they want to shape and control the child
• Rigid parenting
• Defined inequality between the parent and child “running tight ship”
• Strong value of respect to authority
• Punitive and forceful punishment
  May or may not include corporal punishment. If punishment is harsh and inconsistent, may be related to offending behaviour

Question 8

Permissive

Answer 8

• Family seen as resource people
• Parents let kids free roam
• Belief system that kids learn from their mistakes
  Kids need more structure, second most related to adolescent offending behaviour

Question 9

Authoratative

Answer 9

-Dialogue, reason to discussion, age-related behaviour
-independance and originality
-Appropriately enforced punishment

Question 10

Neglecting

Answer 10

-Little involvement
-Does not demand, unresponsive
-Does not control child’s behaviour
-Family is not a resource
most correlated to offending behaviour

Question 11

Parental monitoring

Answer 11

Awareness of a child’s peer associates, free-time activities, and physical whereabouts when outside of the home
-less likely to participate in drug and alcohol use or engage in delinquent behaviour
-important in middle-school youths

Question 12

Large number of siblings

Answer 12

Having lots of siblings increases the likelihood of committing serious and less serious crime
-May be result of attention seeking, niche formation, inconsistency, mix of personalities, fundamental personalities influenced by siblings, competition, conflict
Niche seeking combined with the lack of monitoring can be linked to antisocial behaviour

Question 13

Imitation (siblings)

Answer 13

Older siblings can reinforce younger antisocial or problem behaviour if the younger sibling idolizes the older one, if not, will likely steer child in the other direction
-Adolescents with high rates of delinquency are more likely to have siblings with high rates of delinquency (gene-environment interaction)

Question 14

Family conflict

Answer 14

Conflict that goes unmitigated by family can push kids away and towards an antisocial peer group