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DVM2 > Parasitology- Nematodes > Flashcards

Parasitology- Nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

How many groups of muscles are there in nematodes and how are they arranged?

A

4 groups arranged longitudinally

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2
Q

Describe the nervous system of a nematode.

A

2 major nerve rings (oesophageal and rectal)
Four major nerves (dorsal, ventral and 2 lateral)
AcCh and GABA neurotransmitters

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3
Q

Where are anticoagulants produced in a nematode?

A

Dorsal gutter of the buccal capsule

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4
Q

What are the routes of transmission for nematode infection?

A

Transmammary
Oral
Percutaneus
Transplacental

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5
Q

What are some identifying features of rhabditids?

A

Rhabditiform oesophagus
Very small
Mostly free living and feed on bacteria

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6
Q 
Match the following strongyloides species to their hosts (order: rhabditida):
S. papillosus 
S. ransomi
S. westeri
S. stercoralis
S. cati
S. avium 
S. fuelleborni
A 
Ruminants
Pigs
Horses
Dog, cat, human
Cat
Poultry
Primates
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7
Q

What are some key points about the lifecycle of Strongyloides nematodes?

A

Female is parthenogenetic
Eggs hatch quickly
The lifecycle can be heterogonic or homogonic
Autoinfection is possible (S. stercoralis)
Prenatal infection is also possible (S. ransomi)
So is trans-colostrum infection (ransomi and westeri)

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8
Q

What is the prepayment period for strongyloides nematodes?

A

5-12 days

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9
Q

What are the three stages in the pathogenesis if S. ransomi?

A

Invasive (dermatitis)
Pulmonary (pneumonia)
Intestinal (leads to diarrhoea and reduced growth)

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10
Q

What are some methods that can be used in the diagnosis of strongyloides nematodes?

What are some treatment options?

A

Faecal floatation (eggs)
Baermann technique (larvae)
In vitro culture
ELISA

Treatment: ivermectin and oxibendazole

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11
Q

What are some features of trichostrongyloid nematodes?

A

Vestigial buccal capsule
Copulatory bursa
Direct lifecycle
SI or abomasum

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12
Q

What are the effects of trichostrongyloid nematodes on the host?

A 
Villous atrophy
Diarrhoea
Hypoproteinaemia
Anorexia
Reduced absorption of calcium and phosphate
Reduced bone growth
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13
Q

How does the host respond to trichostrongyloid infection?

A

If greater than 5 months old, and if they have a worm burden >3000 then they mount a Th2 response.
▪️goblet cell hyperplasia- increased mucus
Mucus entangles worms and paralyses them
▪️eosinophils and mast cells in lamina propria kill larvae and lead to expulsion on worms

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14
Q

What are some identifying features of cooperia?

A

Cephalic vesicle
Striations in oesophageal regions
No gubernaculum
Spicules have wing-like expansion in mid-region

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15
Q

What is the prepatent period for the wire worm (cooperia)?

Can they go through hypobiosis?

A

15d

YES!

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16
Q

What are some identifying feature of nematodirus?

A 
Coil around villi
Spicules merge distally
Cephalic vesicle
Female with spiked tail
Very large eggs!!!
L1 to L3 in egg
17
Q

What is the prepatent period for nematodirus? (Same for Haemonchus)

A

21d

18
Q

What are the pathological effects of haemonchus on the host?

A 
Microcytic, hypochromic Anaemia (feed 0.05ml per day)
Hypoproteinaemia
Reduced exercise tolerance
Sudden death 
NO DIARRHOEA!!
19
Q

What is the mechanism by which animals can self cure against haemonchus?

A

When a threes hold is reached an IgE response is mounted which sensitised mast cells. They then release vasoactive molecules that cause vascular exudation, smooth muscle contraction and eosinophils infiltration.

20
Q

What are some features of ostertagia?

A

Cervical papillae
Spicules terminate in 3 stubby hooked processes
Small vulval flap

21
Q

What effects does ostertagia have on the host?

A 
pH rises to 6
Protein digestion stops
Plasma pepsinogen rises
Hypergastrinaemia
Hypoproteinaemia
Anorexia
Diarrhoea
22
Q

What are the differences between type 1 and type 2 ostertagiasis?

A

Type 1:
Young animals
Spring

Type 2:
2-4 yo
Autumn
Larvae emerge synchronously
Precipitated by stress

DVM2 (13 decks)

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