Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

M1 Spring Block 1 > Parasitology/Mycology > Flashcards

Parasitology/Mycology Flashcards

1
Q

Fungal membranes contain ____________ rather than cholesterol.

A

Ergosterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Fungal cells are surrounded by a rigid ___________ composed of carbohydrate polymers and ___________.

A

Cell wall; protein

*chitin, α-glucan, β-glucan, α-mannan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Most fungi are ___________, require only an organic carbon source, nitrogen source and are _____________.

A

Free-living

Nonmotile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Yeast reproduce by ___________ or __________.

A

Budding

Fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Some yeast elongate and adhere to one another forming _______________.

A

Pseudohyphae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hypahe/mycelium are also referred to as _______.

A

Mold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are 3 types of hyphae?

A

Nonseptate
Septate uninucleate
Septate multinucleate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Blastoconidia, chlamydoconidia, arthroconidia are three types of __________________.

A

asexual reproductive elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are two types of conidiospores?

A

Macroconidia - large, multicelled

Microconidia - small, unicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sporangiospores are ___________ spores formed within sacs (sporangia)

A

Single celled, asexual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fungal infections can cause superficial, ____________, _____________, _____________ and opportunistic infections.

A
  1. cutaneous
  2. subcutaneous
  3. systemic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hypersensitivity to airborne conidia/spores can lead to ___________________.

A

Strong allergic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Fungal infections can cause superficial, ____________, _____________, _____________ and opportunistic infections.

A
  1. cutaneous
  2. subcutaneous
  3. systemic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hypersensitivity to airborne conidia/spores can lead to ___________________.

A

Strong allergic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a mycotoxin?

A

Poisonous secondary metabolite produced by fungi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What 4 systems to anti-fungal drugs target?

A
  1. Ergosterol
  2. Cell wall synthesis
  3. Nucleic acid synthesis
  4. Disruption of microtubules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are a few broad classes of anti-fungals?

A
  1. Azoles - imidazole
  2. Polyenes - amphotericin
  3. Echinocandins
  4. Antimetabolites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are possible drawbacks to combination therapy for fungal infections?

A
  1. Action of one reduces the concentration of the target for the second
  2. Action of one modifies the target of the second
  3. Action of one blocks the accessibility of the second
19
Q

Resistance to antifungal drugs can occur thru which 3 mechanisms?

A
  1. Efflux pumps
  2. Target alterations
  3. Reduced access to drug targets
20
Q

What are 4 mechanisms of resistance to azoles?

A
  1. Increased expression of efflux pumps
  2. Decreased affinity of target
  3. Increased expression of target
  4. Alternative metabolic pathways leading to the synthesis of ergosterol
  5. Use of azoles in agriculture?
21
Q

Are fungi displaying the eagle effect?

A

Yes

22
Q

What are 4 mechanisms of resistance to azoles?

A
  1. Increased expression of efflux pumps
  2. Decreased affinity of target
  3. Increased expression of target
  4. Alternative metabolic pathways leading to the synthesis of ergosterol
  5. Use of azoles in agriculture?
23
Q

Innate immunity is the __________ source to overcome a fungal infection.

A

Primary. Phagocytes, complement system and PRRs

24
Q

A persistant fungal infection causes T cells to differentiate to ______ CD4+ cells. These T cells activate _____________ which ultimately control the infection.

A
  1. Th1

2. Macrophages

25
Q

What kind of organisms are parasites?

A

eukaryotic pathogens

26
Q

Endoparasites are divided into _____, unicellular, and ______, multicellular.

A

protozoan

helminths

27
Q

A ____ host is the host in which the sexual stage of a parasite life cycle (when mating occurs) whereas a _____ host is the host in which asexual reproduction/development occurs.

A
  • definitive

- intermediate

28
Q

For Schistomosoma, ____ are the definitive host and ___ are the intermediate host.

A
  • humans

- snails

29
Q

For malaria, ____ are the definitive host and ____ are the intermediate host.

A
  • mosquitos

- humans

30
Q

The _____ host is not an obligate part of the parasite life cycle. Give an example and explain why most people get really sick if they are this type of host.

A

incidental/accidental

  • ex: toxoplasma
  • get sick because parasite not adapted to living in humans, so immune system is active
31
Q

A ____ transmits an infectious form of the parasite to another host species. Give two examples:

A
  • vector
    1. snail = schistomosoma
    2. mosquito = malaria
32
Q

When do physicians need to think about possible parasites?

A
  1. when patients going to travel abroad
  2. returning from overseas
  3. patients in endemic areas (rural south)
  4. immunocompromised patients (AIDS, steroids, transplant, pregnancy, obesity)
33
Q

Which parasites belong in the protista kingdom? Animalia?

A
  • protists

- helminths

34
Q

Give the common names for these helminths and which type they are: (a) cestoda (b) trematoda (c) nematoda

A

(a) tapeworms; platyhelminthes
(b) flukes; platyhelminthes
(c) roundworms; nemathelminthes

35
Q

Define an egg vs. a larva vs. a cyst vs a hydatid

A 
egg = product of sexual reproduction; prelarval
larva = immature post-ovum
cyst = dormant stage encysted in host
hyadatid = specialized larvae form of Echinococcus granulosus
36
Q

Tapeworms give off _____ that come off in your stool. They are transmitted via _____. Give an example.

A
  • proglottids
  • eggs/larval cysticerci
    ex) taenia saginata/solium, diphyllobothrium latum (fish), echinococcus granulosis
37
Q

Flukes of the lungs/liver/blood have ____ intermediate host. They are transmitted by _____. Give an example

A
  • one or more
  • invasive/ingestive
    ex) schistosoma
38
Q

Taenia solium/saginata:
Definitive host: ____; sheds _____
Int host: _____
Transmission/pathology (2): ________

A

Definitive host: HUMANS; sheds EGGS/PROGLOTTIDS
Int host: PIGS/HUMANS
Transmission/pathology (2):
(a) ingestion of proglottids causes vomiting/diarrhea/ weight loss
(b) ingestion of eggs causes cysticercosis, which can go to any tissue (lumps in muscle DEADLY in brain)
[T. solium is more common]

39
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum
Definitive host: ____; sheds _____
Int host: _____
Transmission/pathology: ________

A
  • Definitive host: HUMANS; sheds EGGS
  • Int host: COPEPOD and FISH
  • Transmission/pathology: ingestion when swimming in contaminated water/raw fish; causes B12 deficiency, anemia, neuro symptoms
40
Q

Echinococcosis granulosus (Hydatid Disease)
Definitive host: ____; sheds _____
Int host: _____
Transmission/pathology: ________

A
  • Definitive host: DOGS; sheds EGGS in feces
  • Int host: HOOFED ANIMALS/HUMANS
  • Transmission/pathology: in rural areas/hunters due to ingestion of eggs from dogs’ feces having eaten animal organs; causes lung (alveolar), Hydatid disease (pastoral cycle) = when cysts cause pain/rupture/ANAPHYLAXIS
  • NOTES: latent up to 20 years; can be mistaken for tumor; hydatid cysts are usually in liver
41
Q

What are the major differences between Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum and S. haematobium.

A

Infection: RIVERS
SM = colon; Africa, Caribbean, Brazil; lateral spike; in feces
SJ = small intestine; SE Asia; no spike; in feces
SH = bladder; Africa; terminal spike; in bladder
*NOTES: larva invades skin–>Swimmer’s Itch; may have rash; may get Katayama syndrome (cytokine storm), diarrhea/liver disease/colon cancer (SJ/SM) or GU problems/blood in urine/bladder cancer (SH)

42
Q

Describe how to tell pinworm, whipworm and Ascarias apart (lumenal nematodes) and how can you tell them apart?

A
  1. Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) = intestinal; direct person-person egg FO contact; no IM host; NOTES: children, perianal scratching (puritis)/psychological trauma
  2. Trichuris trichiuria (whipworm) = only humans; intestine; soil egg FO; rural south; malnutrition, bloody stool
  3. Ascaris lumbricoides = intestinal; only human; soil; eggs in stool and egg ingestion; rural south; cough; enters venous circulation then migrates to lungs where coughed up and pooped out eventually; malnutrition, poor mental/physical development; inflammation
43
Q

Describe Hookworms.

A

Necator americanus; in soil; burrows into skin (NO SHOES!!!; coughed up and goes to intestine; fecal transmission; pruritis between toes, bronchitis, anemia, eggs in stool

44
Q

Describe Strogyloides stercoralis.

A

larvae penetrates skin; rural south; LARVAE in stool/SPUTUM; have 3 different life cycles and can autoinfect host; greater in immunocompromised patients; cough for autoinfection; rash on buttocks; malabsorption/dysentery;

M1 Spring Block 1 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions