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M1 Spring Block 1 > Med Neuro Histology > Flashcards

Med Neuro Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What struture is the dark pink circle in the upper center of the image?

A

Pacinian corpusle

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2
Q

Where is a Pacinian corpusle located? Describe what it does.

A

within the dermis; it is highly encapsulated and a sensitive mechanoreceptor responding to HIGH frequenccy vibration

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3
Q

Which receptor would not be present in this image?

A

Hair follicle receptor because it is not present in thick skin

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4
Q

Where are neuron cell bodies for psudounipolar, sensory neurons located?

A

DRGs

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5
Q

Central processes from sensory neurons with cell bodies in the DRG go from the dorsal roots _______ (describe the pathway of the neurons to the thalamus).

A

ascend ipsilateraly within the spinal cord to terminate in the dorsal column nuclei of the medulla (nucleus gracilis/cuneatus) then synapse, and the 2nd neuron decussates and projects to the thalamus

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6
Q

How does the DRG tightly pack neuron cell bodies?

A

the pseudounipolar shape and no synapses occur on the soma (not separated by incoming processes)

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7
Q

What are the numerous, small round nuclei indicative of {in the DRG}? What is their purpose?

A

Satellite cells; for structure/support

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8
Q

Name the 3 histological characteristics of a neuron cell body:

A
  1. pale staining
  2. euchromatic nucleus with prominent nucleolus
  3. abundant cytoplasm
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9
Q

What structure is this?

A

DRG

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10
Q

Which spinal cord cross section is this? How do you know?

A

Sacral because it has the least amount of white matter; faciculus gracilis is present while fasciculus cuneatus is absent

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11
Q

Which spinal cord cross section is this? How do you know?

A

Lumbar because it has an large overal size; lateral horn of gray matter is present to L2 level; FG present, FC absent

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12
Q

Which spinal cord cross section is this? How do you know?

A

Thoracic; lateral horn of gray matter present; FG present; FC present in T1-T6

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13
Q

Which spinal cord cross section is this? How do you know?

A

Cervical; largest amount of white matter; oval in shape; larger anterior horn vs thoracic region; FG and FC present

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14
Q

Neuron cell bodies and the proximal parts of their processes make up the _____ matter.

A

gray

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15
Q

Nerve fibers make up the _____ matter in the SC.

A

white

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16
Q

What is the magenta ring in the center of the spinal cord? What is it lined by?

A
  • central canal
  • ependymal cells (simple, columnar epithelium with cilia)
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17
Q

Is the central canal present at all levels of the SC?

A

yes

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18
Q

_____ occupies the central canal. And ______ move CSF through the SC.

A
  • CSF
  • ciliated ependymal cells
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19
Q

What is the transverse gray matter called?

A

central gray commisure

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20
Q

What is the red arrow pointing to?

A

ventral (anterior) median fissure

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21
Q

What is A pointing to?

A

dorsal (posterior) median sulcus

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22
Q

The neurons in the ventral horn of the SC are ______ type neurons that innervate _____.

A
  • large, multipolar
  • skeletal muscles
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23
Q

What is the red arrow point to? The blue arrow? If these are large, multipolar cell bodies, which part of the gray matter are these cells in?

A
  • euchromatin-filled nucleus
  • nucleolus
  • anterior horn
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24
Q

In the anterior horn of the SC, what are the green arrows pointing to?

A

nuclei from glial cells

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25
Q

The ventral horns are prominent at which spinal levels? Why?

A

cervical = largest

lumbar = next largest

-because both are levels that provide motor innervation to limbs

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26
Q

What is arrow B pointing to? What structures run through here?

A

dorsolateral sulcus (separates dorsal and ventral horns); where dorsal nerve roots enter the spinal cord

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27
Q

Dorsal neruons are ______ neurons.

A

sensory/afferent

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28
Q

Cell bodies of the dorsal horn nerve roots are found in the ______. These nerves send out _____ information to the ____.

A

DRGs

  • sensory
  • periphery
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29
Q

What structure is indicated by the arrow? What runs through this structure?

A

ventrolateral sulcus; ventral nerve roots exit from the spinal cord

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30
Q

Neuron cell bodies in this structure are which type of neurons?

A

preganglioic sympathetic neurons (lateral horn)

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31
Q

Which structures are indicated by the red arrows? Green arrows? Blue arrows?

A

anterior columns (funiculi)

posterior columns (funiculi)

lateral columns (funiculi)

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32
Q

Bundles of nerve fibers, called _____, relay information between the SC and brain

A

tracts

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33
Q

What area is the blue arrow pointing to and what is its function? Green arrow?

A
  • fasciculus gracilis = relays vibration/proprioception sensory information to the lower limbs
  • fasciculus cuneatus = relays vibration/proprioception sensory information to the upper limbs
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34
Q

Which structure is indicated by the red dotted line?

A

glial septum (ascending tracts of white matter)

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35
Q

The _____ region of the spinal cord has the largest volume of white matter, whereas the ____ region has the smallest volume of white matter.

A
  • cervial
  • sacral
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36
Q

Ventral horn cells are ______ whereas dorsal horn cells are ____.

A
  • efferent
  • afferent
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37
Q

Are lateral horns present in this section? Which region of the SC is this?

A

no; cervical (FG/FC)

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38
Q

Which organelle accounts for the Nissl substance in the cytoplasm of neurons?

A

RER

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39
Q

Nissl staining is absent in which regions of a neuron?

A

axon hillock and axon

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40
Q

Name the structures:

A

A = Dorsal horn

B = fasciculus gracilis

C = Glial septum

D = fasciculus cuneatus

E = posterior sulcus

F = gray commisure

G = anterior fissure

H = central canal

I = anterior horn

J = dorsolateral sulcus

41
Q

This is a section of the cerebral cortex. What is the purple substance? The lightly-stained substance?

A

gray matter; white matter

42
Q

Which arrow indicates the sensory cortex? How do you know?

A

red arrow because the sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) has DISTINCT LAYERING

43
Q

What are kind of cells are the circled triangle-shaped cells? Where are they located and where do their dendrites point?

A

pyramidal cells; in deep layers of cortex; dendrites point toward the surface (apical) side of cortex

44
Q

Which arrow indicates the central sulcus? How do you know?

A

The green arrow because the precentral gyrus cortex is not striated and the postcentral gyrus cortex is striated

45
Q

The overall thickness of the motor cortex of the precentral gyrus is _____ than the sensory cortex of the postcentral gyrus.

A

thicker

46
Q

What is the red arrow pointing to? What is contained in this section of the cerebral cortex?

A

Layer I (superficial layer); consists of mostly axons and dendrites from cells located in deeper layers of the cortex

47
Q

In the motor cortex, which type of cell is indicated by the red circle? How do you know?

A

Betz cells = pyramidal cells in motor cortex (in layer V)

48
Q

This is showing a pyramidal cell. What kind of staining is this? What is the red arrow pointing to? The blue arrow?

A

Golgi stain

red = thick apical dendrite

blue = axon

49
Q

To which direction does the apical dendrite of the pyramidal cells in the cortex of the cerebrum point?

A

toward the cortical surface

50
Q

What structures is labeled by A?

A

OUTER NUCLEAR LAYER; Photoreceptor layer (cell bodies); [rods/cones]

51
Q

What structures is labeled by B?

A

OUTER PLEXIFORM LAYER; Bipolar/horizontal cell axons

52
Q

What structures is labeled by C?

A

INNER NUCEAR LAYER: Bipolar cell bodies

53
Q

What structures is labeled by D?

A

Ganglion cell bodies

54
Q

What structures is labeled by E? Where do these fibers pass?

A

optic neural layer; pass toward the OPTIC DISC where they exit the eyeball as the OPTIC NERVE

55
Q

What structures is labeled by F?

A

INNER PLEXIFORM LAYER (ganglion cell dendrites)

56
Q

What structures is labeled by H? What structure is on its inner membrane of the cells?

A

retinal pigment epithelium (RPE); microvilli; pigment absorbs stray light as it passes through the retina

57
Q

What structures is labeled by G?

A

CHOROID (highly vascular, heavily pigmented layer)

58
Q

What structure is labeled by I?

A

INNER SEGMENTS of rods and cones

59
Q

What structure is labeled by J? What is the called in the MACULAR region?

A

OUTER SEGMENTS/OUTER PLEXIFORM LAYER [rods/cones]; photoreceptor layer

In macular region = FIBER LAYER OF HENLE

60
Q

What “structure” is indicated by the red dotted line?

A
61
Q

What structure is indicated by the green dotted line?

A

BRUCH’S MEMBRANE = between choroid and first layer of retina; type of basement membrane

62
Q

What structure is indicated by the blue arrows?

A

OUTER LIMITING MEMBRANE = between nuclei and inner segments of rods/cones

63
Q

What structure is indicated by the solid red line?

A

RETINA

64
Q

What structure is labeled by K?

A

Blood vessel and lumen

65
Q

What structure is labeled by L?

A
66
Q

What structure is labeled by A?

A

Cornea

67
Q

What structure is labeled by B?

A

PUPIL

68
Q

What structure is labeled by C?

A

IRIS

69
Q

What structure is labeled by D?

A

LENS

70
Q

What structure is labeled by E?

A

ORA SERRATA (junction between photosensitive (posterior) and non-photosensitive (anterior) parts of the neural layer)

71
Q

What structure is labeled by F?

A

FOVEA

72
Q

What chamber is labeled by 1?

A

VITROUS CHAMBER

73
Q

What chamber is labeled by 2?

A

POSTERIOR CHAMBER

74
Q

What chamber is labeled by 3?

A

ANTERIOR CHAMBER

75
Q

What corneal layer is labeled by arrow A?

A

CORNEAL EPITHELIUM = stratified, squamous, non-keratinized layers about 5 cells thick; many free nerve endings here

76
Q

What corneal layer is labeled by arrow B?

A

BOWMAN’S MEMBRANE = basement membrane of anterior epithelium

77
Q

What corneal layer is labeled by arrow C?

A

STROMA (SUBSTANTIA PROPRIA) = 200-250 lamellae of dense, collagenous tissue interspersed witht glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins and cells (Type I collagen fibrils)

78
Q

What corneal layer is labeled by arrow D?

A

DESCEMET’S MEMBRANE = basement membrane underlying corneal endothelium

79
Q

What corneal layer is labeled by arrow E?

A

CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM

80
Q

Corneal abrasions are detected by placing a drop of fluorescein in the eye. Damage to the corneal epithelium is revealed by yellow fluorescence of the exposed basement membrane. Name this membrane.

A

BOWMAN’S MEMBRANE (anterior basement membrane)

81
Q

LASIK surgery involves removing a superficial flap of cornea then reshaping the underlaying cornea with a laser. What layer is scraped away during the procedure?

A

STROMA

82
Q

What structure is labeled by the red arrow?

A

IRIS

83
Q

What structure is labeled by the blue arrow? What is this innervated by?

A

SPHINCTER PUPILLAE MUSCLE; PNS

84
Q

Besides the muscle shown in this image by the blue arrow, what other muscle is in this area of the eye? What is it innervated by?

A

DILATOR PUPILLAE MUSCLE; SNS

85
Q

What lens structure is labeled by arrow A?

A

LENS CAPSULE = basement membrane

86
Q

What lens structure is labeled by arrow B?

A

ANTERIOR LENS CELLS

87
Q

What lens structure is labeled by arrow C?

A

LENS FIBERS = elongated, packed cells that make up of bulk of lens; devoid of nuclei (except in periphery)

88
Q

What is a cateract?

A

the loss of transparency in the lens

89
Q

What structure coming off the lens is labeled by the arrows?

A

ZONULE FIBERS (of Zinn)

90
Q

What structure is labeled with the blue arrow?

A

CANAL OF SCHLEMM = at the iridocorneal angle/angle of the eye

91
Q

Which structures are indicated by the red arrows?

A

CILIARY PROCESSES

92
Q

What structure is indicated by the green arrow? What makes up this structure and what innervates it?

A

CILIARY BODY; CILIARY MUSCLES, PNS

93
Q

How does aqueous humor get from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber?

A

through the pupil

94
Q

Name structures A, B and C.

A

A = LIMBUS

B = CHOROID

C = SCLERA

95
Q

What is the function of the pigment in the choroid?

A

absorb stray light

96
Q

Where is the area of highest visual acuity in the eye? Why?

A

FOVEA (aka macula lutea) because it has highest density of cones

97
Q

What is the tunic that contains the cornea and sclera?

A

CORNEOSCLERAL LAYER

98
Q

What is the tunic that contains the vascular and pigmented iris, ciliary body and choroid?

A

UVEAL LAYER

99
Q

What is the tunic that contains the retina?

A

NEURAL LAYER

M1 Spring Block 1 (10 decks)

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