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M1 Spring Block 1 > IAHI [Week 2] > Flashcards

IAHI [Week 2] Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 characteristics of germ line encoded receptors and give 2 examples?

A
  1. Heritable, set order, and the same in each cell.

2. PRRs (TLR) and MHC

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2
Q

What TFs are activated from a PAMP binding a PRR, what cytokines get released, and what is the body’s response?

A
  1. NFκB or IRF3
  2. TNFα, IL-1, and IL-6
  3. Activate neutrophils and initiate fever
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3
Q

What secretes G-CSF and GM-CSF?

A

Macrophages and T Helper

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4
Q

What is the effect of G-CSF and GM-CSF?

A

Induce proliferation in bone marrow and the egress of PMNs

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5
Q

What cells secrete IL-8 and what is its function?

A
  1. Macrophages, endothelial cells, airway smooth muscle cells
  2. Help pull PMNs out of circulation to site of infection (chemotaxis)
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6
Q

What are the main 4 signaling molecules that control neutrophil influx?

A

G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-8 and chemokines

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7
Q

What cells secrete chemokines and what are their effects?

A
  1. Macrophages, DC, endothelial cells, T lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and platelets
  2. Promote migration of neutrophils to infected site via a gradient, activate integrin so PMNs form stable adhesions
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8
Q

Do chemokines function in a cell contact dependent or independent manner?

A

Cell contact independent

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9
Q

What are 3 characteristics of receptors produced by genetic recombination and what are two examples?

A
  1. Inherit segments, Pre “clonal expansion” each cells have different arrangements, not necessarily the same as parents.
  2. TCR and Ig
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10
Q

How are chemokines classified?

A

By their biochemical structure - location of Cys residues

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11
Q

In concert with TNFα and IL-1, what else promotes the 4 stages of PMN extravasation?

A

Chemokines

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12
Q

Is T cell activation cell contact dependent or independent?

A

Cell contact dependent

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13
Q

After T cell activation what 3 things result from the signaling pathway?

A
  1. CD40L expression -> B cell Ig class switching
  2. IL-2 and IL-2R expression - proliferation
  3. DNA synthesis - division
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14
Q

IL-2 is a cytokine that provides ____________, cell contact independent, ____________________ feedback to the T helper cell producing it.

A
  1. Autocrine

2. Pro-proliferative

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15
Q

What is the 2nd signal required for T cell activation?

A

Interaction of CD28 and B7

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16
Q

What are two “CD” names for B7?

A

CD80 and CD86

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17
Q

What is the function of CTLA-4?

A

It inhibits T cell proliferation by competing with B7 to provide a “stop” signal thru CD28

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18
Q

What are 3 examples of APC derived signals and what type of T cell do they promote?

A
  1. IL-12 - Th1 (Via Th expression of IFNγ)
  2. TGFβ - Treg (suppresses Th1 & Th2)
  3. IL-10 - Promotes Treg
19
Q

What happens if the APC doesn’t provide a cytokine?

A

Default to Th2 cell

20
Q

What three autocrine signals are released by Th cells?

A
  1. IFNγ
  2. TGFβ
  3. IL-10
21
Q

What is the effect of Th released IFNγ?

A
  1. Promotes Th1- more IFNγ
  2. Activates macrophages
  3. Class switch IgG
  4. Suppresses Th2 devleopment
22
Q

What is the effect of Th released TGFβ and IL-10?

A

Furthers Treg development

23
Q

What 2 cytokines do Th2 cells release and what is their effect?

A
  1. IL-4: Class switch IgG1, IgE; suppress Th1

2. IL-5: Class switch IfA; promote eosinophilia

24
Q

What 3 cytokines direct Th17 development?

A

TGFβ, IL-6, and IL-23

25
Q

TGFβ is primarily considered an anti-inflammatory cytokine, what is the exception?

A

In combination with IL-6 and IL-23 it promotes the inflammatory Th17 subset

26
Q

What is overabundance of Th17 associated with? Deficiency?

A
  1. Autoimmunity

2. Susceptibility to bacterial infection

27
Q

Cytokines associated with Th1, Th2, Treg, and Th17 development activate distinct intracellular signaling pathways that lead to the activation of ____________________.

A

Master-regulator TFs

28
Q

IFNγ and IL-12 signal thru _____ to yield _______.

A

T-bet

Th1

29
Q

IL-4 signals thru __________ to yield _________.

A

GATA-3

Th2

30
Q

TGFβ, IL-6, IL-23 signal thru _______ to yield _______.

A

RORγ

Th17

31
Q

TGFβ (alone or with IL-10) signal thru _______ to yield ______.

A

Foxp3

Treg

32
Q

How does Alum function?

A

Adjuvant

Promotes APCs to express IL-4 –> Th2 development and antibody production

33
Q

B cells are activated by CD40 engagement and __________.

A

Cytokines

34
Q

What is the default antibody secreted?

A

IgM complement activation

35
Q

What antibody gets secreted with Th1, producing IFNγ?

A

IgG (IgG1, IgG3)

Fc receptor dependent phagocyte responses, complement activation, neonatal immunity

36
Q

What antibody gets secreted with Th2, producing IL-4?

A

IgE - mast cell degranulation

37
Q

What antibody gets secreted by Tregs in the periphery producing TGFβ and/or BAFF?

A

IgA (mucosal immunity)

transport IgA thru epithelia

38
Q

FcεRI regulates ______________ in a cell-contact ____________ manner in response to ____________________.

A
  1. Degranulation
  2. Dependent
  3. Parasites
    * allergens can activate this in a cell contact-independent manner
39
Q

FcγRI and FcγRIIA:IgG regulate ____________ via _________________.

A
  1. Phagocytosis

2. Macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils

40
Q

FcγRIIIA:IgG results in _________ thru _________ cells.

A
  1. Antibody-dependent cellular toxicity

2. NK cells

41
Q

What gets released during degranulation?

A
  1. Histamine - inc. vascular permeability & contraction of SM
  2. Prostaglandins (mast cells) - vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, PMN chemotaxis
42
Q

What cytokine is associated with macrophage activation and what cell secretes it?

A

IFNγ

NK cells, T lymphocytes

43
Q

What cytokines are associated with CD8 T cell cytotoxicity?

A

DCs and Mφ secrete IFNα
Fibroblasts secrete IFNβ
Increase MHC I expression in all cells and activate NK cells

44
Q

What cytokines are associated with NK cell lysis?

A

IL-15 from Mφ–> NK and T cell proliferation

IL-18 from Mφ –> NK and T cell produce IFNγ

M1 Spring Block 1 (10 decks)

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