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MICROM 460 > Parasitology Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Parasitology Lecture 8 Flashcards

Introduction to Parasitology

1
Q

Definition of parasite

A

an organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its food from or at the expense of its host

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2
Q

True or false: viruses, bacteria, and fungi can be considered parasites

A

True (although it depends on who you’re talking to)

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3
Q

Medical parasites are considered as ____ ____

A

eukaryotic pathogens

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4
Q

How many species of protozoans are known to be human parasites?

A

70

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5
Q

How many species of helminths are known to be human parasites?

A

300

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6
Q

True or false: there are thousands of parasites known to exist, but only a small subset affect humans

A

True

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7
Q

The number of parasites is growing due to:

A

sequencing

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8
Q

True or false: some parasites are insects or arachnid ectoparasites

A

True

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9
Q

Since we’re considering eukaryotic parasites, some key features they have are: (2)

A

membrane-bound organelles, nucleus

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10
Q

True or false: there isn’t much diversity regarding the parasites that infect livestock

A

False - huge diversity (there are some overlaps)

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11
Q

True or false: some parasites infect plants

A

True

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12
Q

What are 3 classes of human parasites?

A
  1. Protozoa
  2. Helminths
  3. Ectoparasites
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13
Q

Depending on life cycle, protozoa may be __-___ or ____

A

free-living or parasitic

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14
Q

True or false: pathogenic protozoa don’t usually multiply in humans, whereas worms can multiply in humans

A

False - worms usually don’t multiply in humans but protozoa do

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15
Q

Common modes of transmission of protozoa include: (2)

A
  1. fecal-oral route (GI inhabitant)

2. arthropod vector (blood/tissue inhabitant)

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16
Q

Name the 4 categories of pathogenic protozoa based on mode of movement

A
  1. Amoebozoa (pseudopods)
  2. Mastigophora (flagellates)
  3. Ciliophora (ciliates)
  4. Sporozoa (not motile in adult stage)
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17
Q

Example of Amoebozoa

A

Entamoeba

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18
Q

Example of Mastigophora

A

Giardia, Leishmania

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19
Q

Example of Ciliophora

A

Balantidium

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20
Q

Example of Sporozoa

A

Plasmodium

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21
Q 
Which of the following classes of Protozoa reproduces via schizogony?
A. Amebas
B. Ciliates
C. Sporozoa
D. Flagellates
A

C. Sporozoa

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22
Q

Binary fission

A

Cell contents double and are halved into 2 daughter cells

23
Q

Schizogony

A

Huge amplification process within a host cell to increase progeny, after a certain amount of time the nuclei acid material splits up and is released

24
Q

Entamoeba histolytica lives in the ___ and causes:

A

gut; dissolves tissue

25
Q

True or false: Plasmodium falciparum is the most deadly of the malaria parasites

A

True

26
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi appearance in blood smear:

A

stain purple, extracellular (not found inside RBC), large kinetoplast, centrally located nucleus

27
Q

Leishmania donovani is usually found within ___ ____

A

bone marrow

28
Q

Helminth parasites are ___, ___-____ organisms

A

large, multi-cellular

29
Q

True or false: helminths are usually visible to the naked eye as adults

A

True

30
Q

True or false: helminths can be free-living or parasitic

A

True

31
Q

Three main groups of helminths:

A
  1. flatworms (trematodes)
  2. Cestodes (tapeworms)
  3. Roundworms (nematodes)
32
Q

True or false: thorny-headed worms are common parasites that infect humans

A

False - rare

33
Q

3 characteristics used to categorize helminths

A

morphology, sex, GI tract

34
Q

Roundworm morphology

A

Earthworm shaped (or spindle)

35
Q

True or false: Roundworms are hermaphroditic

A

False - separate sexes

36
Q

Roundworm GI tract

A

tubular

37
Q

Tapeworm morphology

A

head with segmented body

38
Q

Tapeworm GI tract

A

none - each segment absorbs nutrients/excretes waste

39
Q

Fluke morphology

A

leaf shape with oral/ventral suckers (to attach to lumen)

40
Q

Both tapeworms and flukes are ______

A

hermaphroditic

41
Q

Schistosoma parasites cause disease in:

A

GI tract and bladder

42
Q

Ectoparasites are:

A

ticks, fleas, lice, and mites that attach or burrow into the skin and remain there for relatively long periods of time

43
Q

Ectoparasites effects on host (2)

A
  1. directly cause disease

2. transmit pathogens (most)

44
Q

True or false: blood-sucking arthropods like mosquitoes may be considered as ectoparasites

A

True

45
Q

Examples of important intestinal parasites in the US

A

Enterobius vermicularis, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica

46
Q

Historically, what types of people are at the highest risk for parasitic infection?

A

Minorities, immigrants, and poor/disadvantaged people (those w/o access to healthcare)

47
Q

Why is it important to know the geography and host range of parasites?

A

Often can be a defining factor or help us diagnose if we know where Pt has been or where they are

48
Q

Definitive host

A

organism where sexual cycle of parasite occurs

49
Q

Intermediate host

A

organism that harbors parasite for transition period, often where asexual cycle occurs

50
Q

Accidental host

A

Non-natural host but may cause infection if there’s contact

51
Q

Dead end host

A

intermediate host that can’t transmit the infection to the definitive host

52
Q

Delusional parasitosis

A

rare psychiatric disorder in which Pt has a fixed, false belief that they’re infested with parasites

(often reject psychiatric intervention but treated with antipsychotic meds/counseling)

53
Q

Examples of structures that can be mistaken for parasitic material

A

Plant material, pollen, vegetable cells, weird looking platelets, Charcot-Leyden crystals, nucleated RBC, Howell-Jolly bodies

MICROM 460 (20 decks)

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