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MICROM 460 > Parasitology Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Parasitology Lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

what insects transmits leishmaniasis?

A

sand flies

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2
Q

t or f: leishmania is an obligate intracellular pathogen

A

true

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3
Q

___ out of 30 species of leishmania can infects mammals

A

21

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4
Q

all species of leishmania are morphologically ________

A

indistinguishable

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5
Q

where is leishmania typically found?

A

in the tropics and subtropics

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6
Q

how many cases of leishmania are found worldwide?

A

12 million

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7
Q

t or f: most deaths from leishmania occur in kids

A

true (70% are kids)

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8
Q

what sand fly species is found in Africa & Asia?

A

phlebotomas

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9
Q

what sand fly species is found in Central & South America?

A

lutzomyia

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10
Q

when a sandfly takes a bloodmeal, it injects _______ into the skin, then these promastigotes are phagocytized by _________ and here they lose their ______ and become ________. this multiplication of ______ eventually ruptures the _______. then, a sandfly can come by and take a blood meal where it can ingest ______ that are infected with _______.

A

promastigotes, macrophages, flagella, amastigotes, amastigotes, macrophage

macrophages, amastigotes

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11
Q

in the midgut of the sandfly, the amastigote converts back into the _________ stage, where it divides and migrates to the ______

A

promastigote

proboscis

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12
Q

in leishmania, each parasite has a _____ and _______

A

nucleus + kinetoplast

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13
Q

t or f: in leishmania, both the nucleus and kinetoplast contain DNA, but the kinetoplast is larger

A

false - kinetoplast is smaller

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14
Q

the development of leishmania is thought to be an immune balancing act between the ___ and ___ responses

A

th1 and th2

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15
Q

which response favors worsening disease and increases parasite burden?

A

th2 (the humoral response)

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16
Q

which response favors tuberculoid/granulomatous disease and reduces parasite burden?

A

th1 (cellular immunity response)

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17
Q

what form of leishmania is known as the “balkh sore” or “oriental sore”

A

cutaneous leishmania

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18
Q

what form of leishmania is known as “espundia”

A

mucocutaneous leishmania

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19
Q

what form of leishmania is known as “kala-azar”

A

visceral leishmania

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20
Q

cell mediated immunity for cutaneous leishmania (CL) is usually ____, but ____ for visceral leishmania (VL)

A

strong, weak

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21
Q

while CL is ____, VL is quite ____

A

common

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22
Q

the natural course of most leishmania infections are formation of ____ then _______

A

boils, resolution

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23
Q

common agent behind CL?

A

L. tropica and L. mexicana

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24
Q

t or f: 90% of CL cases are in Afghanistan, Iran, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Brazil, Peru

A

true

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25
Q

at the height of infection, CL lesions have a “_____” appearance, where the edges are raised and there is a central ______

A

volcano, crater

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26
Q

if satellite lesions are found around the original ulcer, what could this be a sign of?

A

could be a sign that immunity is walling off and there is a risk of onward spread

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27
Q

true or false: a few cases of leishmaniasis have been detected in Texas and Oklahoma

A

true

28
Q

define the term “autochthonous”

A

native to the place where its found

29
Q

what is the agent behind MCL?

A

mostly L. braziliensis

30
Q

90% of MCL cases are in Bolivia, ____, and _____

A

Peru, Brazil

31
Q

MCL begins in the ____ cavity

A

nasal

32
Q

what is the agent behind VL?

A

L. donovani

33
Q

90% of VL cases occur where?

A

Bangladesh, India, Sudan, Ethiopia, Brazil

34
Q

what is the mortality rate of VL if it is untreated?

A

95-100%!!!

35
Q

what 2 organs are commonly enlarged due to VL?

A

spleen and liver (spleen is usually bigger)

36
Q

define “hepatosplenomelagy”

A

enlargement of the spleen and liver

37
Q

true or false: immunocompromised people are more likely to get severe leishmania

A

true

38
Q

true or false: leishmania infection increase HIV acquisition risk 100-1000x

A

true

39
Q

true or false: VL accelerates progression of HIV

A

true

40
Q

true or false: HIV positive individuals who have VL are commonly seropositive

A

false - they are seronegative

41
Q

what is diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL)?

A

uncontrolled skin lesions all over the body

42
Q

diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis is clinically indistinguishable from ________

A

leprosy

43
Q

t or f: DCL is due to the inability of the patient’s immune system to mount a complete immune response against its target

A

true

44
Q

in order to diagnose leishmania, the lab should isolate the parasite with help from ______ labs. prior to collecting the specimen, they should be contacted.

A

reference

45
Q

if the culture is positive, the species can be identified using ________ assays or using _______ analysis

A

DNA-based, isoenzyme

46
Q

most sensitive leishmania tests?

A

molecular

47
Q

for diagnosis of VL, _____ should be used

A

serology

48
Q

for MCL diagnosis, biopsies can be used then a _____ or _____ test may be done

A

culture / molecular

49
Q

for CL diagnosis, biopsies can be used then a _____ or _____ test may be done. also, skin scrapings can be taken from the lesion and a ______ stain can be done (3x)

A

culture / molecular, Giemsa

50
Q

diagnosis can also be done by looking at intracellular ______

A

amastigotes

51
Q

amastigotes are about ______ in diameter

A

1-5 microns

52
Q

amastigotes lack ______

A

flagella

53
Q

amastigotes divide by _____ ______ at 37 C

A

binary fission

54
Q

leishmania amastigotes typically have a large ____, a prominent ______, but a short ______

A

nucleus, kinetoplast, axoneme

55
Q

t or f: amastigotes are typically phagocytized and not found in blood

A

t

56
Q

diagnosis can also be done looking at ________

A

promastigotes

57
Q

promastigotes are typically _______ and found in blood as well as in the _____ of sandflies

A

flagellated, midgut

58
Q

promastigotes have an elongated shape and are about ____ microns long

A

10-12

59
Q

nucleus is found in the ____, the kinetoplast of promastigotes is typically found on the ______ end and this is also where the _____ is

A

center, anterior, flagellum

60
Q

promastigotes can be found by taking a culture from the blood of a person and placing in ____ medium, where the amastigotes think they’re in a sandfly and transform into a promastigote

A

NNN

61
Q

promastigotes bind to ______

A

macrophages

62
Q

growing in a vacuole inside the macrophage allows leishmania to avoid _____ substances that the macrophages releases

A

lytic

63
Q

all cases of ___ and __ should be treated but not all cases of ___ require treatment

A

MCL, VL, CL

64
Q

treatments for leishmania?

A
  • oral miltefosine
  • liposomal amp B
  • pentavalent antimonial compounds
65
Q

prevention of leishmania?

A
  • avoid nighttime activities because sandflies often bite then
  • high grasses are more protective (sandflies fly low)
  • deal with animal reservoir

MICROM 460 (20 decks)

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