Parasitology Flashcards
1
Q
Permanent association of 2 organisms that cannot exist independently
A
Symbiosis
2
Q
Relationship beneficial to both associates
A
Mutualism
3
Q
Hosts that transmit parasite to man
A
Vectors
4
Q
Vectors that are essential to life
A
Biologic vectors
5
Q
Vectors that are non-essential to life
A
Phoretic or mechanical vectors
6
Q
Parasites that infest (live on the outside)
A
Ectoparasite
7
Q
Parasites that infect (live within the body of host)
A
Endoparasite
8
Q
Parasites that are capable of leading both free and parasitic existence
A
Facultative or opportunistic
9
Q
Take up permanent residence and completely upon host cell
A
Obligate parasite
10
Q
Establishes itself in a host in which it does not ordinarily live
A
Incidental parasite
11
Q
Free-living during part of its existence and seeks host intermittently to obtain nourishment
A
Temporary parasite
12
Q
Causes injury to host
A
Pathogenic parasite
13
Q
Foreign species passing through alimentary tract without infecting the host
A
Coprozoic or spurious
14
Q
Individual harbouring the parasite is reinfected by THE SAME SPECIES
A
Superinfection
15
Q
Infected person is his own direct source of reexposure
A
Autoinfection
16
Q
Harbors adult or sexual stages
A
Final or definitive host
17
Q
Harbors asexual or larval stage
A
Intermediate host
18
Q
Harbors arrested phase of parasite development
A
Paratenic host
19
Q
Host that is not essential to development of parasite
A
Incidental host
20
Q
Harbors infection with production of little or no damage and without symptoms
A
Carrier
21
Q
Most dreaded complication of E. histolytica
A
Amebic pericarditis
22
Q
E. histolytica most commonly disseminate to
A
Liver via portal vein
23
Q
Most common site of E. histolytica in liver
A
Posteroinferior lobe
24
Q
Nonpathogenic ameba
A
Entamoeba coli
25
Found in pyorrheal pockets between gums and in tonsillar crypts
Entamoeba gingivalis
26
Lumen dweller in cecum
Endolimax nana
| Iodameba butschlii
27
Ring and dot appearance of nuclei, peripheral chromatin, and central karyosome
E. histolytica
28
Characeteristic glycogen vacuoles in the cyst stage
Iodamoeba butchlii
29
Brain-eating amoeba
Naegleria fowleri
30
Free-living amoeba
Naegleria fowleri
| Acanthamoeba
31
The only ciliate that parasitises man
Balantidium coli
32
Anchovy paste abscess
E. histolytica (liver)
33
Flask-like lesion of E. histolytica is due to
Submucosal invasion
34
DOC for E. histolytica
Metronidazole
35
Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)
Naegleria fowleri
36
DOC for Balantidium coli
Iodoquinol
37
Lemon- or pear-shaped parasite with a nipple-like protruberance
Chilomastix mesnili
38
Falling leaf motility
Giardia lamblia
39
Amoeba, neurologic symptoms seen with a rapid course, death occurring 4-5 days after onset of symptoms
Naegleria fowleri
40
DOC of Naegleria fowleri
Amphotericin B
41
Largest protozoan ciliophora
Balantidium coli
42
Shepherd's crook appearance
Chilomastix mesnili
43
Villous atrophy >> malabsorption, steatorrhea, lactose intolerance, flatulence
G. lamblia
44
DOC for G. lamblia
Quinacrine HCl
45
Acute vaginitis with yellow-green discharge
T. vaginalis
46
DOC for T. vaginalis
Metronidazole
47
Longest tapeworm
D. latum
48
Enterotest capsule
G. lamblia
49
Strawberry cervix
T. vaginalis
50
Type of anemia in D. latum infection
Megaloblastic anemia (Vitamin B12 deficiency)
51
Waterlily sign
Hydatid cyst of E. granulosus
52
Definitive host of E. granulosus
Dogs/sheep
53
Rosette appearance of gravid uterus
D. latum
54
Raw or undercooked beef may harbour what stage of T. saginata
Larvae (cysticercus)
55
MCC of splenic cyst
Hydatid cyst of E. granulosus
56
Definitive host of T. saginata
Humans
57
Oval eggs with lid-like operculum
D. latum
Fasciola
Fasciolopsis
Clonorchis
58
Dog tapeworm
E. granulosus
59
Fish tapeworm
D. latum
60
MC site of hydatid cyst
Liver
61
Copepods are first intermediate host
D. latum
62
Definitive host of T. solium
Humans
63
Intermediate host of T. saginata
Cattle
64
Intermediate host of T. solium
Pig
65
T/F Encysted larva of taenia migrate to encyst in muscles/brain of humans
F, cattle and pigs and then ingested by humans from undercooked meat of these animals
66
Stage in life cycle of Taenia that is ingested causing neurocysticercosis
Eggs
67
Dwarf tapeworm
Hymenolepis nana
68
Giant intestinal fluke
Fasciolopsis buski
69
Rostellar hooklets
T. solium
70
MC parasitic brain infection in the world
Neurocysticercosis
71
DOC for Taenia infection
Praziquantel
72
MC tapeworm infection
H. nana
73
Hen's egg-shaped ova
F. buski
74
Oral sucker surrounded by colarette of spines
E. ilocanum
75
Intermediate host of E. ilocanum
Pila luzonica
76
Smallest but deadliest trematode
H. heterophyes (cardiac failure)
77
Ingestion of metacercaria encysted on fresh water vegetation
F. buski
| F. hepatica
78
Fatal complication of H. heterophyes
Cardiac failure/cardiac beriberi
79
Sheep liver fluke
Fasciola hepatica
80
Intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica
Snail
81
Intermediate host of F. buski
Snail
82
Where F. hepatica resides in definitive hosts
Biliary tract
83
Where F. buski resides in definitive hosts
Duodenum
84
DOC for F. hepatica
Triclabendazole
85
Freshwater fish
C. sinensis
86
Predator fish
D. latum
87
DOC for C. sinensis
Praziquantel
88
Lung fluke
P. westermani
89
Usual mode of diagnosis of P. westermani
Eggs in sputum
90
Ova looks like old-fashioned light bulb
C. sinensis
91
DOC for P. westermani
Praziquantel
92
Parasite that mimics PTb
P. westermani
93
Oriental liver fluke
C. sinensis
94
Large lateral spine
S. mansoni
95
Very small lateral spine
S. japonicum
96
Oriental lung fluke
P. westermani
97
Katayama reaction
Schistosomes; first seen in S. japonicum; Similar to serum sickness; Ag-Ab reaction with increased IgE and IgG against eggs of parasite (1500-3500 eggs per day!)
98
Intermediate host of S. japonicum
Oncomelania quadrasi snail (oncomelania hupensis quadrasi) !!! Important !!! Philippines
99
Adult habitat of S. japonicum
Superior mesenteric veins
100
Ingestion of inadequately cooked or pickled crustaceans (crabs and crayfish)
P. westermani
101
Circum Oval Precipitin Test (COPT)
S. japonicum
102
DOC for all species of schistosoma
Praziquantel
103
Swimmer's itch
S. mekongi
104
Endemic in Leyte
S. japonicum
105
Adult habitat of S. mansoni
Inferior mesenteric vein
106
Old world hookworm
Ancylostoma duodenale
107
New world hookworm
Necator americanus
108
Hookworm with prominent teeth
A. duodenale
109
Hookworm with cutting plates
N. americanus
110
Type of anemia caused by hookworms
IDA
111
MC parasitic infection in the Phils
A. lumbricoides
112
Major damage caused by A. lumbricoides is due to
Migration (rather than presence in the intestine)
113
T/F Most ascaris infections are asymptomatic
T
114
Ground itch
Hookworms
115
Giant worm
A. lumbricoides
116
Roundworm known to cause autoinfection
E. vermicularis
117
Roundworm known to cause internal autoinfection
S. stercoralis
118
Most common helminth in the US
E. vermicularis
119
Largest intestinal roundworm
A. lumbricoides
120
Threadworm
E. vermicularis
121
Dwarf threadworm
S. stercoralis
122
S. stercoralis infective stage
Filariform larva
123
S. stercoralis diagnostic stage
Rhabditiform larva
124
Wandering behavior
A. lumbricoides
125
Larva currens
S. stercoralis
126
Gold standard for diagnosis of trichinosis
Muscle biopsy
127
Whipworm
Trichuris trichiura
128
MCC of Loeffler syndrome
A. lumbricoides
129
Bentonite flocculation test
T. spiralis
130
Harada mori culture technique
S. stercoralis
131
Habitat of T. trichiura in humans
Cecum and ascending colon
132
Transient respiratory illness associated with blood eosinophilia and radiographic shadowing
Loeffler syndrome
133
Bachman intradermal test
T. spiralis
134
Rectal prolapse
T. trichiura
135
Deerfly
Loaloa
136
River blindness
O. volvulus
137
Calabar swelling
Loaloa (swelling and edema in subcutaneous tissue)
138
Ova with bipolar plugs
1) T. trichiura: Japanese lantern, football-shaped, barrel-shaped, lemon-shaped
2) C. philippinensis
139
Worm crawling on conjunctiva
Loaloa
140
DOC for loaloa
DEC
141
Mazzotti reaction
O. volvulus (local/systemic reactions upon treatment with DEC)
142
Treatment for loaloa in the eye
Surgical excision
143
Treatment for microfilaria of O. volvulus
Ivermectin
144
Treatment for adult worms of O. volvulus
Suramin
145
Filariasis
W. bancrofti
146
Pointed tail contains nuclei
Loaloa
147
Blackflies of the genus Simulium
O. volvulus
148
Pointed tail free of nuclei
W. bancrofti
149
Vectors of W. bancrofti
Anopheles
Aedes
Culex
Mansonia
150
Vector that transmits the infection lives and breeds near fast-flowing streams and rivers and the infection can result in blindness
O. volvulus
151
Treatment for O. volvulus microfilaria
DEC
152
Malayan lymphatic filariasis
B. malayi
153
Vectors of B. malayi
Aedes
| Mansonia
154
B. malayi vs onchocerca: More in children
B. malayi
155
B. malayi vs onchocerca: More rapid course
B. malayi
156
Nocturnal periodicity
B. malayi and W. bancrofti (blood smears should be taken at night
157
DOC for B. malayi
DEC
158
Guinea worm
D. medinensis
159
Treatment of D. medinensis
Manual extraction of worm
160
Dog hookworm
Ancylostoma caninum
161
Cat hookworm
Ancylostoma braziliense
162
T/F Ancylostoma caninum and braziliense can complete their lifecycle in humans
F
163
Most serious finding in toxocara infection
Blindness (retinal involvement)
164
Prevention of toxocara infection
Deworming of dogs (Toxocara canis: Visceral larva migrans)
165
Pudoc worm
Capillaria philippinensis
166
Creeping reaction
Cutaneous larva migrans (ancylostoma caninum/braziliense)
167
DOC for C. philippinensis
Mebendazole
168
Diagnostic stage of T. cruzi
C-shaped trypomastigote
169
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Leishmania tropica
170
Small whipworm
Capillaria philippinensis
171
Dumdum fever
Kala azar (visceral leishmaniasis; lesihmania donovani)
172
Romana sign
Chagoma of T. cruzi
173
American leishmaniasis
Leishmania braziliensis
174
Fish-eating birds are natural hosts
Capillaria philippinensis
175
DOC for Leishamnia
Na Stibogluconate
176
Unilateral painless periorbital swelling
Romana sign/Chagoma; T. cruzi
177
Espundia
Leishmania braziliensis
178
Intestinal gurgling (borborygmi)
C. philippinensis
179
MOA of Na Stibogluconate in treatment of leishmania
Inhibits PFK in the worm
180
Montenegro test
Leishmania
181
Peanut shell ova
C. philippinensis
182
Glossina
African sleeping sickness (tsetse fly)
183
Vector of malaria in the Philippines
Anopheles flavirostris
184
Stages of malaria
```
Cold stage (20 mins-1 hour)
Hot stage (1-4 hours)
Sweating stage(2-3 hours)
```
185
Total duration of febrile cycle of malaria
6-10 hours
186
Fever synchronises with that parasitic activity
Erythrocytic schizogony
187
Factors that provide resistance to malaria
```
G6PD deficiency
Hgb S (sickle cell anemia), C, or E
Thalassemia
Southeast asian ovalocytosis
Duffy blood group negative
```
188
Blackwater fever
P. falciparum, due to DIC and intravascular hemolysis
189
Plasmodium that naturally infects macaques and causes zoonotic malaria in humans
P. knowlesi
190
MC causative agent of malaria in the Phils
P. falciparum
191
MC causative agent of malaria in Africa
P. falciparum
192
Most prevalent human malaria parasite
P. vivax
193
Plasmodium that causes pernicious anemia
P. falciparum
194
Plasmodium that can infect individuals who are negative for the Duffy blood group
P. ovale
195
3-day cycle
Quartan (paroxysm every 4 days)
196
2-day cycle
Tertian (paroxysm every 3 days)
197
Significant plasmodium in Malaysia
P. knowlesi
198
Parasitizes red cells of all ages
P. falciparum
199
Parasitizes young red cells (reticulocytes)
P. vivax
| P. ovale
200
Transfusion malaria
P. vivax
201
Plasmodium, nephrotic syndrome
P. malariae
202
Parasitizes older red cells
P. malariae
203
Enlarged infected red cells
P. vivax
204
Daisy schizont
P. malariae
205
Plasmodium with lowest parasitemia
P. malariae
206
Plasmodium with highest parasitemia
P. falciparum
207
Recrudescence
P. malariae
208
Gametocyte, compact
P. malariae
209
Gametocyte, large round
P. vivax
210
Phenomenon in malarial infection wherein there is recurrence of a disease after it is thought to be resolved; in which the parasite responsible for the disease can remain present in the blood in low numbers, flaring up again in days, weeks, and sometimes months
Recrudescence
211
Occurs earlier, recrudescence vs relapse
Recrudescence
212
Sometimes confused as a reinfection, recrudescence vs relapse
Recrudescence
213
T/F When a recrudescence appears, it is treated like the primary infection
T
214
Gametocyte, small round
P. ovale
215
Plasmodium, asexual phase
Schizogony
216
Plasmodium, sexual phase
Sporogony
217
T/F Human is definitive host of Plasmodium spp
F, intermediate host
218
Plasmodium, infective stage to human
Sporozoite
219
Plasmodium, infective stage to mosquito
Gametocyte
220
Malaria, rupture of liver cells release
Merozoites
221
Plasmodium, infective stage to RBCs
Merozoites
222
Preferred staining method for Cryptosporidium
Kinyoun stain
223
DOC for Cryptosporidium
Spiramycin
224
Cat feces
T. gondii
225
Ig increased in congenital toxoplasmosis
IgM
226
Characteristics of Saboraud agar
Low pH (Acidic)
Chloramphenicol
Cycloheximide
227
Cutaneous mycoses
Dermatophytes (MET)
M. furfur
C. werneckii
228
Subcutaneous mycoses
```
S. schenckii
Chromomycosis-causing fungi
Mycetoma
Fonsecaea
Phialophora
Cladosporium
```
229
Sabin Feldman dye test
T. gondii
230
DOC for T. gondii
TMP-SMX
231
Systemic mycoses
Histoplasmosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Blastomycosis
232
Opportunistic mycoses
Candida
Cryptococcus
Aspergillosis
Mucor/Rhizopus
233
Ringworm of glabrous skin
T. corporis
234
DOC of M. furfur
Topical miconazole
235
MCC of outbreaks of tinea capitis
T. tonsurans
236
Cause of favus
T. schoenlenii
237
>90 degree branching
Mucor/Rhizopus
238
Main cause of endothrix
T. tonsurans
239
Flowerette arrangement of conidia
S. schenckii
240
Packets of cigar
M. leprae
241
Opportunistic fungus assoc with ketoacidosis
Mucor/Rhizopus
242
CALAS
Cryptococcus (cryptococcus antigen latex agglutination)
243
Mold in soil, spherule in tissue
C. immitis
244
DOC of C. immitis
Fluconazole
245
Opportunistic fungus assoc with leukemia
Mucor/Rhizopus
246
MCC of fungal meningitis
C. neoformas
247
Highest endemism in semiarid areas (dessert sand)
C. immitis
248
Black nasal discharge
Mucor/Rhizopus
249
Spelunker's disease (caving)
H. capsulatum, from guano
250
Dichotomously-branching hyphae
Aspergillus fumigatus
251
Barrel-shaped arthroconidia
C. immitis
252
Fungus that resembles Ptb in xray
H. capsulatum
253
MC opportunistic fungi
Candida albicans
254
Bilharziasis
Schistosomiasis
