Head and Neck Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Layers of scalp
A
SCALP
1) Skin
2) subCutaneous tissue
3) galea Aponeurotica
4) Loose areolar tissue
5) Pericranium
2
Q
Arteries supplying the scalp are branches of the (2)
A
1) External carotid artery
2) Ophthalmic from internal carotid artery
3
Q
Dangerous area of the scalp
A
Emissary veins
4
Q
Layer of the scalp that causes scalp wounds to gape
A
Galea aponeurotica
5
Q
How many bones make up the cranium
A
8
6
Q
Bones of the cranium
A
1) Frontal
2) Right and left parietal
3) Occipital
4) Right and left temporal
5) Sphenoid
6) Ethmoid
7
Q
How many facial bones are there
A
14
8
Q
Facial bones
A
1) 2 nasal
2) 2 lacrimal
3) Vomer
4) 2 inferior concha
5) 2 maxillae
6) 2 palatine
7) 2 zygomatic
8) Mandible
9
Q
Most common facial bone fractures
A
1) Nasal
2) Zygomatic
3) Mandible
10
Q
Anterior fontanelles is aka
A
Bregma
11
Q
Posterior fontanelle is aka
A
Lambda
12
Q
T/F Mastoid process is present at birth
A
F
13
Q
Mastoid develops during
A
First 2 years of life
14
Q
Significance of absence of mastoid at birth
A
Forceps delivery may result in facial nerve injury
15
Q
Weakest fossa of the skull base
A
Middle cranial fossa
16
Q
Signs of middle cranial fossa fracture
A
1) Bleeding into mouth if with sphenoid involvement
2) Bleeding or CSF leak from ear
3) Facial and auditory nerve injury
17
Q
Raccoon eyes signify fracture of
A
Frontal portion of skull base
18
Q
Extreme tenderness and bruising over the area of the mastoid process of the skull (behind the ear)
A
Battle sign
19
Q
Battle sign signify fracture of
A
Temporal bone
20
Q
Cranial fossa fractured in the presence of a Battle sign
A
Posterior
21
Q
A temporary improvement in a patient’s condition after a traumatic brain injury, after which the condition deteriorates
A
Lucid interval
22
Q
Lucid interval is indicative of
A
Epidural hematoma
23
Q
Intracranial hemorrhage, involved blood vessel/s: Epidural
A
Anterior division of middle meningeal artery
24
Q
Intracranial hemorrhage, involved blood vessel/s: Subdural
A
Cerebral veins/Bridging/Emissary vessels
25
Intracranial hemorrhage, involved blood vessel/s: Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Aneurysm/angioma
26
Intracranial hemorrhage, involved blood vessel/s: Intraparenchymal
Lenticulostriate artery
27
Adult vs young child: Skull fracture likened to an eggshell
Adult
28
Adult vs young child: Skull fracture likened to a pingpong ball
Young child
29
Adult vs young child: Splintering of bone
Adult
30
Adult vs young child: Pond fracture
Young child
31
Signs of anterior cranial fossa fracture
1) Epistaxis
2) Rhinorrhea
3) Racoon's eye
4) Exophthalmos
32
Signs of middle cranial fossa fracture
1) Rhinorrhea/Otorrhea
| 2) CN 3,4,6,7,8 damage
33
Signs of posterior cranial fossa fracture
1) Battle sign
| 2) CN 9,10,11 damage
34
Anterior arterial circulation of the brain is derived from
Internal carotid artery
35
Posterior arterial circulation of the brain is derived from
Vertebral artery
36
Branches of the internal carotid artery (6)
ICA > CAMPOS
1) Choroidal
2) ACA
3) MCA
4) Posterior communicating
5) Ophthalmic
6) Superior hypophyseal
37
Branches of vertebral artery
MAPP
1) Meningeal branches
2) Anterior spinal
3) Posterior spinal
4) Posterior inferior cerebellar
38
Adult vs young child: Splintering of bone
Adult
39
Adult vs young child: Pond fracture
Young child
40
Signs of anterior cranial fossa fracture
1) Epistaxis
2) Rhinorrhea
3) Racoon's eye
4) Exophthalmos
41
Signs of middle cranial fossa fracture
1) Rhinorrhea/Otorrhea
| 2) CN 3,4,6,7,8 damage
42
Signs of posterior cranial fossa fracture
1) Battle sign
| 2) CN 9,10,11 damage
43
Anterior arterial circulation of the brain is derived from
Internal carotid artery
44
Posterior arterial circulation of the brain is derived from
Vertebral artery
45
Branches of the internal carotid artery (6)
CAMPOS
1) Choroidal
2) ACA
3) MCA
4) PCA
5) Ophthalmic
6) Superior hypophyseal
46
3 primary vesicles of developing brain
1) Forebrain/prosencephalon
2) Midbrain/mesencephalon
3) Hindbrain/rhombencephalon
47
5 secondary vesicles of developing brain
```
From prosencephalon
1) Telencephalon
2) Diencephalon
From Mesencephalon
3) Mesencephalon
From Rhombencephalon
4) Metencephalon
5) Myelencephalon
```
48
Adult derivative: Telencephalon
1) Cerebral hemispheres
| 2) Lateral ventricles
49
Adult derivative: Diencephalon
1) Thalamus
| 2) 3rd ventricle
50
Adult derivative: Mesencephalon
1) Midbrain
| 2) Aqueduct of Sylvius
51
Adult derivative: Metencephalon
1) Pons
2) Cerebellum
3) Upper part of 4th ventricle
52
Adult derivative: Myelencephalon
1) Medulla
| 2) Lower part of 4th ventricle
53
Myelination begins at
___ weeks
54
Myelination is almost completed at
___ years
55
Adult derivative of notochord
Nucleus pulpous of intervertebral disc
56
Branches of basilar artery
PPALS
1) Pontine branches
2) Anterior inferior cerebellar
3) Labyrinthine
4) PCA
5) Superior cerebellar
57
Venous drainage of brain
Dural venous sinuses
1) Superior and inferior sagittal sinus
2) Great vein of Galen
3) Straight sinus
4) Transverse sinus
5) Sigmoid sinus
58
Dural venous sinuses ultimately empty into
IJV
59
Neural plate is formed at
___ days
60
Neural groove and tube are formed at
___ days
61
Myelination begins at
___ weeks
62
Myelination is almost completed at
___ years
63
Failure of dorsal induction in the development of nervous system results in
1) Anencephaly
2) Encephalocele
3) Myelomeningocele
64
Disorder of ventral induction in development of nervous system results in
Facial malformations
65
Result of failure of neuropores to fuse at 4th week AOG
NTD
66
NTD: Substance elevated in amniotic fluid and maternal serum
AFP
67
NTD: Helpful confirmatory test
Increased acetylcholinesterase in amniotic fluid
68
Failure of bony spinal canal to close but without structural herniation
Spina bifida occulta
69
Maternal conditions associated with anencephaly
1) Type I DM
| 2) Low folate levels
70
Spina bifida occulta: T/F Dura is intact
T
71
Spina bifida occulta: T/F Found in lower vertebral levels
T
72
Herniation of meninges through spinal canal defect
Meningocele
73
Herniation of meninges and spinal cord through spinal defect
Myelomeningocele
74
Malformation of anterior neural tube resulting in no forebrain
Anencephaly
75
Increased vs decreased AFP: Anencephaly
Increased
76
Poly vs oligohydramnios: Anencephaly
Poly
77
Maternal conditions associated with anencephaly
1) Type I DM
| 2) Low folate levels
78
Failure of left and right hemispheres to separate
Holoprosencephaly
79
Results from severe holoprosencephaly
Cyclopia
80
Significant cerebellar tonsillar and vermin herniation through foramen magnum with aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephalus
Arnold-Chiari malformation or Chiari II
81
Spinal defect associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation or Chiari II
Thoracolumbar myelomeningocele
82
Components of brainstem
1) Midbrain
2) Pons
3) Medulla
83
Spinal defect associated with Dandy-Walker
Spina bifida
84
Cystic enlargement of central canal of spinal cord
Syringomyelia
85
Syringomyelia: Spinal tract first damaged
Spinothalamic tract
86
Syringomyelia: Characteristic symptom
Cape-like bilateral loss of pain and temp sensation in upper extremities
87
Syringomyelia: Associated with what malformation
Chiari I
88
Cavernous sinus: Contents
1) CaVerNouS: CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI
2) Postganglionic SY fibers
3) ICA
89
Limbic system governs (5)
```
5 Fs
Feeding
Feeling
Fighting
Flight
Sex
```
90
Components of brainstem
1) Midbrain
2) Pons
3) Medulla
91
Brainstem: Location of what CN nuclei
3-12
92
Brainstem: Arterial supply
1) Anterior circulation: ICA
| 2) Posterior circulation: Vertebral
93
Collection of sinuses on either side of the pituitary
Cavernous sinus
94
Cavernous sinus: Drains blood from
1) Eye
| 2) Superficial cortex
95
Cavernous sinus: Ultimately drains into
IJV
96
UMN signs are due to damage to
Corticospinal tract
97
Terminal portion of spinal cord
Conus medullaris
98
Fibrous extension of pia mater that anchors spinal cord to coccyx
Filum terminale
99
Brought about by hemisection of the spinal cord
Brown-Sequard syndrome
100
Brown-Sequard syndrome: T/F IPSILATERAL loss of all sensation at the level of the lesion
T
101
Brown-Sequard syndrome: T/F IPSILATERAL UMN signs below level of lesion
T
102
Brown-Sequard syndrome: T/F IPSILATERAL LMN signs below lesion
F, at the level of lesion
103
Foster-Kennedy syndrome
APO
1) Anosmia, ipsi
2) Papilledema, contra
3) Optic atrophy, ipsi
104
UMN signs are due to damage to
Corticospinal tract
105
Demyelination/degeneration of dorsal columns and roots causing impaired sensation and proprioception and progressive sensory ataxia (inability to sense or feel legs)
Tabes dorsalis
106
Tabes dorsalis: Cause
Tertiary syphilis/neurosyphilis
107
Tabes dorsalis: Small bilateral pupils that further constrict to accommodation but not to light
Argyll-Robertson pupil
108
Argyll-Robertson pupil is aka
Prostitute's eye
109
Tabes dorsalis: DTRs
Absent
110
Tabes dorsalis: Romberg sign
Positive
111
Foster-Kennedy syndrome
APO
1) Anosmia
2) Papilledema
3) Optic atrophy
112
Most common site of blowout fracture
Inferior wall
113
Causes of cavernous sinus thrombosis (2)
1) Infections in the dangerous area of the face
| 2) Facial vein thrombosis
114
In infections of the dangerous area of face, organism ascends through
Inferior ophthalmic vein
115
Blowout fracture: Explodes into
Maxillary sinus
116
Blowout fracture: Injures
???
117
Blowout fracture: Entrapment of
Inferior rectus muscle
118
The eye is least protected from which side
Lateral
119
Eye trauma: Most common cause
Blunt head trauma
120
Most common site of blowout fracture
Inferior wall
121
Radiologic sign representing periorbital fat or entrapped EOM in the maxillary sinus
Teardrop sign
122
Muscles of eyelids: Sphincters
Orbicularis oculi (orbital, palpebral, and lacrimal parts)
123
Muscles of eyelids: Sphincters, nerve supply
Facial nerve
124
Muscles of eyelids: Dilators
1) Levator palpebrae superioris
| 2) ??? Occipitofrontalis (raises eyebrow)
125
Muscles of eyelids: Dilators, nerve supply
1) Striated muscle: Oculomotor nerve
| 2) Smooth muscle: SY
126
Muscles of facial expression: Situated in which layer of skin
Superficial fascia
127
Muscles of facial expression: Common origin
Skull
128
Muscles of facial expression: Common insertion
Skin
129
Muscles of facial expression: Common innervation
Facial nerve
130
Nerve damaged in Bell's palsy
Facial nerve
131
Muscles of facial expression: Pulls eyebrow medially
Corrugator supercilli
132
Muscles of facial expression: Wrinkles skin at root of nose
Procerus
133
Muscles of facial expression: Compresses the cheeks and lips against teeth; blowing
Buccinator
134
Muscles of facial expression: Muscle involved in generalised tetanus resulting in sardonic grin
Risorius
135
Muscles of facial expression: Closes eyelids
Palpebral part of orbicular is oculi
136
Muscles of facial expression: Seen in aging
Crow's feet
137
Muscles of facial expression: Involved in hemifacial spasm
Orbicularis oculi
138
Muscles of facial expression: Injected with botulinum A toxin
Orbicularis oculi
139
Muscles of mastication
1) Masseter
2) TeMporalis
3) Medial pterygoid
4) Lateral pterygoid
140
Muscles of mastication: Closes the jaw
3 Ms
1) Masseter
2) TeMporalis
3) Medial pterygoid
141
Muscles of mastication: Opens and protracts the jaw
Lateral pterygoid
142
Muscles of mastication: Common innervation
V3
143
Tongue: Origin of anterior 2/3
1st branchial arch
144
Tongue: Origin of posterior 1/3
3rd and 4th branchial arches
145
Tongue, nerve for tase: Anterior 2/3
CN VII
146
Tongue, nerve for tase: Posterior 1/3
CN IX
147
Tongue, sensory innervation: Anterior 2/3
CN V3
148
Tongue, sensory innervation: Posterior 1/3
CN IX
149
Tongue, taste and sensory innervation: Extreme posterior
CN X
150
Tongue: Motor innervation
CN XII EXCEPT palatoglossus (CN IX, X)
151
Group of nerves for taste
Nucleus solitarius
| CN VII, IX, X
152
Acoustic schwannoma: Most common symptoms
1) Tinnitus
| 2) Hearing loss
153
Acoustic schwannoma: Associated with what hereditary condition
NF type 2
154
Most common cerebellopontine angle tumor
Acoustic schwannoma
155
Branch of glossopharyngeal nerve that supplies carotid sinus
Sinus nerve of Hering
156
Important branches of vagus nerve to the neck
X-CRAMP
1) Cardiac
2) Recurrent laryngeal
3) Auricular
4) Meningeal
5) Pharyngeal
157
All muscles of palate are supplied by
Pharyngeal plexus EXCEPT tensor velli palatini (CN V)
158
All muscles of pharynx are innervated by
CN X EXCEPT stylopharyngeus (CN IX)
159
All muscles of larynx are innervated by
CN X EXCEPT cricothyroid (external branch of superior laryngeal nerve)
160
Adult GCS
Image
161
Pediatric GCS
Image
162
Components of vertical buttress system
1) Zygomaticofrontomaxillary
2) Nasomaxillary
3) Pterygomaxillary
163
Components of the horizontal buttress system
1) Supraorbital bar
2) Inferior orbital rim/orbital floor
3) Alveolus
