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RMT BY MARCH 2017!!! > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

Definitive Host

A

Harbors sexual/adult-stage parasite

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2
Q

Members of Subkingdom Protozoa

A

Sarcodina/Rhizopoda
Ciliophora
Mastigophora
Sporozoa

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3
Q

Sarcodina species (10)

A 
Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba dispar
Entamoeba hartmanni
Entamoeba coli
Endolimax nana
Iodamoeba butschi
Entamoeba gingivalis
Entamoeba polecki
Negleria fowleri
Acanthamoeba spp
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4
Q

Identification of E. histolytica

A
  • RBCs in troph
  • fingerlike and dendritic pseudopods
  • chromatoidal bodies in cyst
  • mature cyst with 4 nuclei
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5
Q

presence indicate fecal contam

A

Non-pathological intestinal amoeba

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6
Q

Amoeba that does not inhabit the intestines

A

E. gingivalis

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7
Q

Amoeba without cystic stage

A

E. gingivalis

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8
Q

Charcot-Leyden Granules

A

Product of eosinophils; present in amebic dysentery caused by E. histolytica

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9
Q

Morphologically identical to E. histolytica except DNA and ribosomal RNA

A

E. dispar

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10
Q

Most number of nuclei in cystic stage of Amoeba

A

E. coli

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11
Q

E. nana vs E. histolytica

A
  • E. hustolytica : bull’s eye

- E. nana : cross-eyed

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12
Q

Amoeba with WBCs in vacuoles

A

E. gingivalis

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13
Q

Uninucleated amoeba

A
  • I. butschii

- E. polecki

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14
Q

Amoebic cyst with no chromatoidal bodies but with large glycogen mass

A

I. butschii

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15
Q

Causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis

A

Negleria

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16
Q

Causes granulomatius amoebic encephalitis

A

Acanthamoeba

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17
Q

With 2 forms of troph - (1) amoeboid (2) flagellate

A

Naegleria fowleri

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18
Q

Amoeba in contact lens care solution

A

Acanthamoeba

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19
Q

Cultured in BAP flooded with E. coli

A

Acanthamoeba

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20
Q

Locomotory granules of Mastigophora

A

Flagella

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21
Q

Pathology of Giargia lamblia

A

Malabsorption (GL-CP), steatorrhea, Traveller’s diarrhea, Gay bowel’s syndrome

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22
Q

Distinct characteristics of G. lamblia

A
  • cyst with 4 nuclei and retractile cytoplasmic membrane

- troph with 2 big nuclei with sucking disks –> OLD MANS FACE

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23
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of Chilomastix mesnili

A
  • nipple-shaped cyst

- troph with 4 flagella, 1 nucleus, cytostome with spiral groove

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24
Q

Flagellate that can be transmitted by pinworm ova

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

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25
Q

Trichomonad species

A

T. hominis
T. vaginalis
T. tenax

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26
Q

Differentiate trichomonads by habitat

A

T hominis: large intestines
T tenax: mouth
T vaginalis: vagina

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27
Q

Flagellate with no cystic stage

A

Trichomonas sp

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28
Q

Distinguishing characteristic of trichomonads

A

Presence of undulating membrane

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29
Q

Arrange trichomonads by SIZE

A

T tenax < T hominis < T vaginalis

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30
Q

Arrange trichomonads by undulating membrane

A

T vaginalis < T tenax < T hominis

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31
Q

Culture for trichomonads

A
  • modified Diamond’s

- Feinberg with Whittington’s media

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32
Q

Genus under hemoflagellates

A

Leishmania, Trypanosoma

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33
Q

Other term for amastigotes

A

Lishman Donovan body

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34
Q

Describe amastigotes

A

Ovoid, NM, intracellular

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35
Q

Other term for promastigote

A

Leptomonal form

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36
Q

Describe promastigote

A

Elongated, with ant flagella, kinetoplast is ant to nucleus

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37
Q

Crithidial form of flagellates

A

Epimastigote

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38
Q

Stage with the formation of undulating membrane in hemoflagellates

A

Epimastigote

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39
Q

Stage where the kinetoplast is near nucleus

A

Epimastigote

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40
Q

Infective stage of Leishmania

A

Promastigote

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41
Q

Infective stage of trypanosome

A

Trymastigote

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42
Q

Leishmania species and their respective habitats and patho

L. tropica
L. braziliensis
L. donovani

A
  1. L tropica – skin – baghdad boil (dry lesion)
  2. L braziliensis – skin and mucous mem – american Leishmania, chiclero ulcer
  3. L donovani – visceral organs (spleen, BM, liver, nodes) – kala azar fever, dumdum fever, death fever
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43
Q

Vector of Leishmania spp

A

Sandfly – Phlebotomus spp

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44
Q

Species under Typanosoma brucei complex

A

T. gambianse and T. rhodesiense

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45
Q

Vector for Trypanosoma brucei complex

A

Glossina spp (Tse tse fly)

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46
Q

West Africa/Acute trypanosomiasis

A

Ghambian

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47
Q

East Africa/Chronic trypanosomiasis

A

Rhodesian

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48
Q

Winterbottom

A

Lymph invasion of Leishmania spp

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49
Q

Kerandel’s

A

Invasion of the CNS of Leishmania spp –> coma –> “sleeping sickness”

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50
Q

4/5 Cs of T. cruzi

A 
Chaga's disease
C-shaped
Cardiac, RES, CNS
Chang's Medium
Xenodiagnosis Test
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51
Q

Leishmania life cycle

A

Phlebotomus (Amastigote) –> Man (Amastigote to Promastigote) –> Phlebotomus (Promastigote to Amastigote)

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52
Q

Locomotory granules for Ciliophora

A

Ciliates

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53
Q

Only medically important ciliate

A

Balantidium coli

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54
Q

Distinct characteristics of B. coli

A

parasite of PIGS
Troph secretes HYALURONIDASE –> ulcers with wide neck and rounded base
LARGEST PATHOGENIC INTESTINAL protozoan

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55
Q

Locomotory granules of Sporozoans

A

No distinct locomotory structure

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56
Q

Sporozoan with affinity to CNS

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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57
Q

Differentiate tachizoites and bradyzoites

A

Tachizoite: rapid-dividing troph
Bradyoite: slow-dividing troph

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58
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

CNS involvement in immunocompromised

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59
Q

Humans are ____ host for T. gondii

Cats are ____ host for T. gondii

A

Man: Intermediate host
Cat: Definitive host

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60
Q

What sporozoan causes cholera like + mucous diarrhea ?

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

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61
Q

What sporozoan causes diarrhea and malabsorption in immunocompromised?

A

Isospora belli

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62
Q

Species of Malarial parasites (5)

A 
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium knowlesi
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63
Q

Intermediate and definite hosts of malarial parasites

A

IH: man (vertebrates)
DH: female anopheles

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64
Q

Vector of malarial parasites to man “available” in the Philippines

A

A. minimus var flavirostris

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65
Q

Incubation period of malaria

A

8-40 days

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66
Q

Classical sign of malaria

A

Paroxym : chills, fever, sweat

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67
Q

Species that can cause malarial relapse

A

P. vivax and P. ovale

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68
Q

Most common cause of malaria in the PH

A

P. faciparum

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69
Q

Most common cause of malaria in the world

A

P. vivax

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70
Q

Resistance to malarial parasites

A
  1. Fy(a-b) gene: resistance to P. vivax
  2. G6PD: resistance to Plasmodium
  3. Sickle-cell anemia –> HgS –> anti-Plasmodium
  4. M-N gene: anti-P. falci
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71
Q

RBC infected with P. falci

A

normal

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72
Q

RBC infected with P. vivax

A

larger, pale, oval

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73
Q

RBC infected with P. ovale

A

oval

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74
Q

RBC infected with P. malariae

A

normal; may be smaller

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75
Q

RBC strippling of P. falci

A

Maurer’s dots

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76
Q

RBC strippling of P. vivaz

A

Schuffer’s or James dots

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77
Q

RBC strippling of P. ovale

A

Schuffer’s or James dots

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78
Q

RBC strippling of P. malariae

A

Ziemann’s dots

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79
Q

Stages in PBS of P. falci

A

Ring forms and gametocyte

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80
Q

Stages in PBS of P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae

A

ALL

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81
Q

Specific malaria caused by P. falci

A

Malignant tertian

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82
Q

Specific malaria caused by P. vivax

A

Benign tertian

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83
Q

Specific malaria caused by P. ovale

A

Tertian

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84
Q

Specific malaria caused by P. malariae

85
Q

Only malarial parasite with 72 hours asexual cycle

A

P. malariae – quartian

86
Q

Primary drug of choice for malaria

A

Chloroquine

87
Q

Drug of choice for malaria when resistant

A

Quinine/Sulfadoxine

88
Q

Life cycle same with malarial parasites without the RBC stages

A

Babesia microti

89
Q

B. microti resembles what malarial paraste

A

P. falci ring forms

90
Q

Definitive host of Babesia

91
Q

Other term for tapeworm

92
Q

Characteristics of Cestodes

A
  • Adults are flat and segments
  • ALL are hermaphroditic
  • NO circulatory and digestive systems
  • Heteroxenous except H. nana
93
Q

Habitat of cestodes

A

Adult - small intestines

Larva - tissue / muscle

94
Q

Parts of the adult tapeworm

A
  • Scolex / Head: rostellum and hooklets
  • Neck: budding/growth zone
  • Strobila: body; chain of segments/PROGLOTTIDS
95
Q

Two groups of Cestodes and corresponding species

A

Pseudophyllidea (Diphyllobotrium latum)

Cyclophyllidea (T. saginta, T. solium, H. nana, H. diminuta, D. caninum, E. ganulosus)

96
Q

Pork tapeworm

A

Taenia solium

97
Q

Beef tapeworm

A

Taenia saginata

98
Q

Dwarf tapeworm

A

Hymenolepis nana

99
Q

Rat tapeworm

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

100
Q

Dog tapeworm

A

Dipylidium caninum

101
Q

Hydatid worm

A

Echinococcus granulosus

102
Q

Intermediate and definitive hosts of D. latum

A

IH: Crustaceans –> fresh water fish
DH: Man

103
Q

Fish tapeworm

A

Diphylobotrium latum

104
Q

Largest tapeworm of man

A

Diphylobotrium latum

105
Q

Scolex is almond-shaped with sucking organ called BOTHRIUM

A

Diphylobotrium latum

106
Q

Uterus of Diphylobotrium latum

A

rosette formation

107
Q

Eggs of Diphylobotrium latum

A

Operculated with small knob containing undeveloped coracidia

108
Q

Pathology of D. latum

A

Vit B-12 deficiency anemia

Megaloblastic anemia

109
Q

T. saginata vs T. soilum : intermediate host

A

T. saginata : cattle

T. solium: pig

110
Q

T. saginata vs T. soilum : scolex

A

T saginata: no rostellar hooks

T. solium: with rostellum armed with TWO ROWS of large and small hooklets

111
Q

T. saginata vs T. soilum : gravid proglottids

A

T solium: 7-13 lateral branches that are dendritic

T. saginata: 15-20 lateral branches that are tree-like

112
Q

T. saginata vs T. soilum : infective stage

A

T. saginata : cycticercus bovis

T. solium: cycticercus cellulosae

113
Q

Third Taenia species

A

Taenia asiatica

114
Q

Cysticercus viscerotropica

A

T. asiatica found in the liver of intermediates hosts, such as pigs, cattle, monkeys, goats, wild boar

115
Q

Smallest tapeworm infecting man

A

Hymenolepis nana

116
Q

Tapeworm group with quadrate cup-like suckers (with or without hookelets)

A

Cyclophyllidea

117
Q

Tapeworm group with spherical, non-operculated embryonated ova

A

Cyclophyllidea

118
Q

Ova of Pseudophyllidea

A

Oval, operculated, with immature coracidia

119
Q

H. nana vs H. diminuta : scolex

A

H. nana: with rostellum of 20-30 spines

H. diminuta: no rostellum

120
Q

H. nana vs H. diminuta : eggs

A

H. nana: inner membrane with 2 polar thickening with 4-8 polar filaments
H. diminuta: inner membrane with 2 polar thickening without filaments

121
Q

Only tapeworm not requiring an intermediate host

122
Q

Describe the proglottids of D. caninum

A
  • shaped like a melon seed

- have double set of reproductive organs and a genital pore on each side of the lateral margin

123
Q

Bothria vs acetabulla

A

Bothria: fake suckers
Acentabulla: muscular suckers

124
Q

Intermediate and definite host of Taenia solium

A

IH: pig
DH: man

125
Q

Intermediate and definite host of Taenia saginata

A

IH: cattle
DH: man

126
Q

Intermediate and definite host of Hymenolepis nana

A

IH: not required (insects)
DH: rat/man

127
Q

Intermediate and definite host of Hymenolepis diminuta

A

IH: insects
DH: rat/man

128
Q

Intermediate and definite host of Dipylidium caninum

A

IH: flea
DH: dog

129
Q

Intermediate and definite host of Echinococcus granulosus

A

IH: sheep, goat
DH: dog/wolf

130
Q

Other term for FLUKES

A

Trematodes

131
Q

Characteristics of trematodes

A
  • non-segmented bodies, dorsoventrally flattened

- with complete digestive system and two acentabula (oral for food; ventral for attachment)

132
Q

Species of blood flukes

A

Schistosoma japonicum
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma haemotobium

133
Q

Oriental blood fluke

A

S. japonicum

134
Q

Manson’s blood fluke

A

S. mansoni

135
Q

Vesical fluke

A

S. haemotobium

136
Q

Blood fluke with small lateral knob

A

S. japonicum

137
Q

Blood fluke with large lateral knob

A

S. mansoni

138
Q

Blood fluke with terminal knob

A

S. haematobium

139
Q

Characteristics of blood flukes

A

Non-hermaphroditic
Adults are cylindrical
Non-operculated eggs
Male with gynecophoric groove

140
Q

Intermediate host of S. japonicum

A

Oncomelania quadrasi

141
Q

Non-blood fluke 1st and second intermediate hosts

A

1: snail
2: crab, fish, vegetable, snail

142
Q

Species for lung fluke

A

Paragonimus westermani

143
Q

Characteristics of P. westermani (adult and ova)

A
  • hermaphroditic
  • leaf-like, non-segmented bodies, spiny integument
  • operculated eggs
144
Q

Intermediate hosts of P. westermani

A

1: Brothia asperata
2: freshwater crab (Sundathelpusa spp, Parathelpusa spp)

145
Q

Oriental Lung fluke

A

P. westermani

146
Q

Reservoir host of P. westermani

A

Rat, dog, cat

147
Q

Disease caused by P. westermani

A

Pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis leading to TB-like symptoms (endemic hemoptysis)

148
Q

Liver Flukes (4)

A

Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola gigantica
Clonorchis sinenssis
Opistochis felineus

149
Q

Intestinal Flukes (3)

A

Fasciolopsis buski
Echinostoma ilocanum
Heterophyes heterophyes

150
Q

Sheep liver fluke

A

F. hepatica

151
Q

Giant liver fluke

A

F. gigantica

152
Q

Chinese liver fluke

A

C. sinenssis

153
Q

Cat liver fluke

A

O. felineus

154
Q

Largest fluke paralysing man; largest intestinal fluke

155
Q

Nematodes

A

Roundworms

156
Q

Species of intestinal roundworms

A

CASHET
CASH: small intestines
ET: large intestines

157
Q

Species of extra-intestinal roundworms

A

Filarial worms

Trichinella spiralis

158
Q

Characteristics of nematodes

A
  • Unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical, elongated bodies
  • With thick hyaline coating
  • Alimentary canal with simple tube extending from mouth to anus
  • non-hermaphroditic
  • with sensory organs or chemoreceptors
159
Q

Most common intestinal nematode of man

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

160
Q

Giant intestinal roundworm

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

161
Q

(Fertilized ) Ova of Ascaris

A

shell with 3 layers

  • inner vitelline membrane
  • middle glycogen layer
  • outermost mamillation
162
Q

Adult of Ascaris

A

head with 3 lips and a triangular buccal cavity

163
Q

Caused by Ascaris during larval migration (to the lungs)

A

Pneumonia, cough, fever, eosinophilia

164
Q

Soil-transmitted helminths

A

HAT
Hookworms
Ascaris
Trichuris

165
Q

Hookworm species

A

Necator americanus

Ancylostoma duodenale

166
Q

New world hookworm

A

N. americanus

167
Q

Old world hookworm

A

A. duodenale

168
Q

Adult hookworms

A

N. a. : S-shaped with cutting plates

A. d. : C-shaped with 2 pairs of teeth

169
Q

Hookworm eggs

A

Colorless, thin shelled, ovoidal

170
Q

Hookworm pathology

A
  • ground itch (skin penetration of larva)
  • Pneumonitis, bloody sputum
  • Blood loss with secondary microcytic hypochromic anemia and iron deficiency
171
Q

Whipworm

A

Trichuris trichiura

172
Q

Egg of whipworm

A

Barrel-shaped with bipolar plugs

173
Q

Pathology in heavy whipworm infection

A

bloody or mucoid diarrhea, mild anemia, rectal prolapse

174
Q

Pinworm

A

Enterobius vermicularis

175
Q

Most common helminth parasite in TEMPERATE regions

176
Q

Eggs of pinworm

A

D-shaped with fully-developed larva

177
Q

Adult pinworm

A

With cuticular alar expansion and esophageal bulb

178
Q

Pathology of E. vermicularis

A

Pruritis ani

Non-specific ab pain, nausea, vomiting

179
Q

Threadworm

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

180
Q

Three phases of adult thread worm

A

Parasitic
Free-livng
Autoinfection

181
Q

Pathology of S. Stercoralis

A

Cochin-China / Vietnam diarrhea

182
Q

Pudoc worm

A

Capillaria philippinensis

183
Q

Egg of C. philippinensis

A

Peanut-shaped with bipolar plugs

184
Q

Pathology of C. philippinensis

A
  • Borborygmi

- Volumous episodic diarrhea leading to electrolyte imbalance

185
Q

Muscle worm

A

T. spiralis

186
Q

Species of Filarial worms

A

Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Loa loa
Onchocerca volvulus

187
Q

Filarial worms with lymphatics as habitat

A

W. bancrofti and B. malayi

188
Q

Vector of W. bancrofti

A

Aedes, Anopheles

189
Q

Microfilaria of W. bancrofti

A

No nucleus in tail

190
Q

Vector of B. malayi

191
Q

Microfilaria of B. malayi

A

2 separate nuclei in tail

192
Q

Microfilaria of Loa loa

A

Nuclei continuous up to the tip of the tail

193
Q

Dog heartworm

A

Dirofilaria immitis

194
Q

Guinea worm

A

Dracunculus medinensis

195
Q

Rat lungworm

A

Parastronglys cantonensis

196
Q

Filarial worm causing eosinophilic meningoencephalitis

A

P. cantonensis

197
Q

WASHED framework

A

WAter, Sanitation, Hygiene, Education, Deworming

198
Q

When to use thick and thin blood smears

A

Malaria, Babesia, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Filaria
THICK: screening
THIN: identification of species

199
Q

Primary direct wet mount

A

Saline mount

200
Q

Why avoid iodine mount

A

Destroys troph

201
Q

Stool fixative for protozoan cysts

A

5% formalin

202
Q

Stool fixative for helminth eggs and larvae

A

10% formalin

203
Q

Stool fixative for trichrome stain

204
Q

Permanent stains

A

Wheatley’s trichrome stain

Modified acid-fast stains

205
Q

Concentration methods

A 
Sedimentation
Floatation (protozoans and nematod eggs except Trichuris and Capillaria)
206
Q

Culture medium for Leishmania and Trypanosoma

A

Novy-McNeal-Nicolle

207
Q

Garrison’s Fluke

A

Echinostoma ilocanum

208
Q

Dwarf Fluke or Von Siebold’s Fluke

Smallest fluke to man

A

Heterophyes heterophyes

RMT BY MARCH 2017!!! (6 decks)

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