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Parasitology > Parasitology 4 > Flashcards

Parasitology 4 Flashcards

1
Q

gametogony

A

process by which gametes are produced in protozoa; occurs when
merzoites entering red blood cells transform into gametocytes

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2
Q

Macrogametocyte (female)

A

cell that gives rise to macrogametes

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3
Q

Microgametocyte (male)

A

cell that gives rise to microgametes

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4
Q

what type of cell fertilizes macrogametocyte?

A

Microgametocyte

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5
Q

Sporozoite

A

daughter cell resulting from sporogony

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6
Q

Trophozoite:

A

active, feeding stage of a protozoan, in contrast to a cyst

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7
Q

Schizogony:

A

form of asexual reproduction in which multiple mitoses occur,
followed by simultaneous cytokinesis, resulting in many daughter cells at once

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8
Q

Schizont:

A

in schizogony when nuclear divisions have occurred but not cytokinesis

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9
Q

Meront:

A

asexual stage where protozoan undergoes schizogony to form

merozoites

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10
Q

Merozoite:

A

daughter cell resulting from schizogony

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11
Q

Ookinete:

A

motile, elongated zygote

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12
Q

Sporogony:

A

multiple fission of a zygote

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13
Q

When does Sprogonous phase begins?

A

when ookinete begins to develop

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14
Q

Oocyst:

A

cystic form resulting from sporogony

▪ Gives rise to many sporozoites

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15
Q

Which of the following stages in the Plasmodium life cyctle is associated with sporogony?

a. merozoite
b. oocyst
c. none of the above
d. trophozoite
e. hypnozoite

A

Oocyst

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16
Q

What is the vector of Plasmodium spp.?

A

Female Anopheles mosquito

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17
Q

what does RBC contain if they are infected with the Plasmodium spp,?

A

RBC contain male and female gametocytes; as temp falls both gametocytes mature
- 1) microgametocyte produces numerous microgametes; exflagellation
- 2) macrogametocyte matures to macrogamete that can be fertilized by
microgamete

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18
Q

exoerythrocytic schizogony

A

Sporozoites invade parenchymal cells of liver

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19
Q

Quotidian malaria:

A

24 hour fever cycle (erythrocytic cycle); overlapping infections

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20
Q

Tertian malaria:

A

48 hour fever cycle

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21
Q

Quartan malaria:

A

72 hour fever cycle

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22
Q

Febrile:

A

having or showing signs of fever

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23
Q

Paroxysms:

A

rapid onset or return of symptoms or increased intensity of symptoms

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24
Q

Recrudescence:

A

reappearance of the disease after it has been quiescent

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25
Q

Parasitemia:

A

presence of parasites in the circulating blood

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26
Q

where (geography) are mostly P. Vivax found?

A

in Asia; common in North Africa, but drops off in tropical Africa

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27
Q

what group P. vivax invades?

A

young erythrocytes with Duffy blood groups; 2 codominant alleles and a third
- No Duffy blood group receptors on RBC, no infection

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28
Q

How many sporozoites can the P. Vivax oocyst can produce?

A
  • Oocyst produces up to 10,000 sporozoites
  • 10,000 merozoites released from liver cell
  • Erythrocytic schizogony yields on average 16 merozoites
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29
Q

2) Which of the following confers resistance to Plasmodium vivax?
a. recrudescence
b. Sickle cell trait
c. presence of Duffy blood group
d. absence of Duffy blood group
e. none of the above

A

d. absence of Duffy blood group

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30
Q

5) Which of the following is a characteristic of Plasmodium falciparum?
a. Sickle cell trait confers resistance
b. accounts for 50% of all malaria
cases
c. sequestration occurs along
endothelium
d. 4 different pathways to invade RBCs
e. all of the above

A

e. all of the above

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31
Q

how do humans get infected with Plasmodium spp.

A

Blood meal mosquito

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32
Q

what type of malaria does P. vivax has?

A

benign tertian malaria - 48 hour fever cycle

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33
Q

what type of malaria does P. falciparum has?

A

(malignant tertian malaria): 48 hour fever cycle

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34
Q

Which plasmodium is the most virulent ?

A

P. falciparum

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35
Q

How much % of all malaria cases does P. falciparum represent?

A

> 50%

36
Q

Which parasite does sickle cells trait (heterozygote) is resistant to ?

A

P. falciparum

37
Q

Which parasite can invade RBCs by at least 4 different pathways?

A

P. falciparum

38
Q

what is considered high level of parasitemia? which parasite is concerned?

A

more than 65% of RBCs, P. falciparum

39
Q

what does P. falciparum trophozoite produce?

A

proteins, then get deposited on RBC surface, causes

sequestration

40
Q

where does sequestration occurs ? P. falciparum

A

along venular endothelium and other RBCs (cerebral

malaria)

41
Q

how many merozoites does P. falciparum can produce?

A
  • 30,000 merozoites released from liver cell

- Erythrocytic schizogony yields on average 20 to 24 merozoites

42
Q

How long P. falciparum can recrudescence can be up to ?

A

3 years

43
Q

what type of malaria is P. malariae?

A

(quartan malaria): 72 hour fever cycle

44
Q

how many % of cases are P. malariae?

A

7%

45
Q

which parasite can only invade aging RBCs (soon to be removed from circulation) ?

A

P. malaria

46
Q

How long P. malariae can recrudescence can be up to ?

A

53 years

47
Q

how can one be infected with P. malariae?

A

by blood transfusion

48
Q

What is the rarest malaria parasite to humans?

A

P. ovale

49
Q

How rare is P. ovale?

A

> 1%

50
Q

What type of malaria is P. ovale?

A

(mild tertian malaria): 48 hour fever cycle

51
Q

Why is P. ovale hard to dignose?

A

because of similarity to P. vivax

52
Q

What are two general factors leading to most major clinical manifestation?

A

1) host inflammatory response producing characteristic chills and fever,
etc.
▪ Single acute day of fever requires approx.. 5,000 calories = 2 days
hard manual labor
- 2) anemia, arising from the enormous destruction of RBCs (iron bound in
hemozoin)

53
Q

Timing of paroxysms of fever follows maturation of each generation of merozoites

A
  • 1) typical attack begins with feeling of intense cold as hypothalamus is
    activated
  • 2) temperature rises rapidly to 104F to 106F
  • 3) teeth chatter and intense shivering; nausea and vomiting are usual
  • 4) hot stage begins 30 min to 1 hour later, with intense heating and
    headache
  • 5) often a mild delirium stage lasts for several hours
  • 6) copious perspiration signals the end of the hot stage
  • 7) temp drops back to normal in 2 to 3 hours
  • 8) entire paroxysm is 8 to 12 hours
  • 9) patient sleeps well until next episode
54
Q

What are reservoir host for Plasmodium spp.?

A

tolerant individuals and primates

55
Q

what is the transmission for Plasmodium?

A
  • blood transfusion or sharing needles

- Rare, infection of newborn from an infected mother

56
Q

when does Babesia microti peaks in infecterion and where?

A

it happens in northeast and upper midwest, it peaks during warm months

57
Q

what is the definitive host of Babesia microti?

A

black legged tick (Ixodes scapularis

58
Q

what is the intermediate host of Babesia microti?

A

primarily white-footed mouse; zoonosis

59
Q

How do you get primary kinete?

A

when a male and female gametes forms a zygote

60
Q

What are symptoms of Babesia microti?

A
  • -Healthy people are usually asymptomatic; some experience “flu-like symptoms”
  • Babesiosis can result in severe pathogenicity in the following people:
  • Splenectomized
  • Compromised immune system (ex. Cancer, lymphoma, or AIDS)
  • Elderly
  • Complications include severe hemolytic anemia (hemolysis)
61
Q

how to avoid being infected with Babesia microti?

A
  • Avoiding exposure to tick infested habitats
  • Use repellent on skin and clothing
  • Limit the amount of skin exposure
  • Walk in the center of trails
62
Q

what type of infection is Cryptosporidium parvum?

A

worldwide distribution; opportunistic infection

63
Q

what is the infectious stage of Cryptosporidium parvum?

A

oocysts containing 4 sporozoites

64
Q

what type reproduction does Cryptosporidium parvum has?

A

asexual

65
Q

how is Cryptosporidium parvum involved in autoinfection?

A

Thick walled oocyst excreted in feces; thin-walled oocyst involved in autoinfection

66
Q

What is Cryptosporidium parvum target organs?

A

GI tact or respiratory tract

67
Q

What are symptoms of Cryptosporidium parvum?

A

-The most common symptom of cryptosporidiosis is watery diarrhea
-Other symptoms include:
-Stomach cramps or pain
-Dehydration
-Nausea
-Vomiting
-Fever
-weight loss
-AIDS patients: Bowel Movement frequency 6-25; maximal stool volume 1-17 liters
-Lasts a few days to 4 or more weeks in immunocompetent individuals
Epidemiology:
-Swallowing contaminated recreational water (water park, public pool,

68
Q

cryptosporidiosis

A

diarrheal disease from Cryptosporidium parvum

69
Q

how do you get infected with Cryptosporidium parvum?

A
  • Swallowing contaminated recreational water (water park, public pool, etc.)
  • Eating contaminated uncooked food
  • Touching surfaces contaminated by stools from an infected person
  • Can be found in swimming pools
  • people with decreased immunity are most at risk for severe disease
  • Occurs in young children both immunocompetent and immunodeficient
70
Q

how many cases of cryptosporidiosis occurs each year in US?

A

748,000 cases

71
Q

What type of people does Toxoplasma gondii affect?

A

pregnant women

72
Q

What the definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii ?

A

Felidae (domestic cats)

73
Q

how long does oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii take fore being infectious?

A

takes 1-5 days to sporulate (infective)

74
Q

what is the intermediate host of Toxoplasma gondii?

A

commonly include birds and rodents

75
Q

tachyzoites in Toxoplasma gondii

A

Rapidly undergoes endodyogeny to form merozoites

76
Q

bradyzoites in Toxoplasma gondii

A

Tachyzoites localize in neural and muscle tissue to form tissue cyst

77
Q

how does the defenitive host get infected with Toxoplasma gondii?

A
  • eating meat containing bradyzoites
  • Eating food or water contaminated with tissue cysts
  • Transplacentally from mother to fetus
  • Blood transfusion or organ transplantation
78
Q

Congenital toxoplasmosis

A

occurs when a pregnant woman becomes newly infected
-damage is more severe the earlier the transmission
May result in: miscarriage, stillborn child, abnormal development

79
Q

symptoms of Toxoplasma gondii

A

Widely prevalent in human worldwide, but clinical toxoplasmosis is less common

  • Healthy people usually asymptomatic; some experience “flu-like” symptoms
  • Serious opportunistic infection of AIDS patients; continuous tachyzoite multiplication
80
Q

What is the % of world population of being infected with Toxoplasma gondii?

A

-Estimated that over 25% of world population is infected; CDC approx. 60 million in US

81
Q

what are the 3 stage of Naegleria Flowleri

A

trophozite, ameboid, and flagellate

82
Q

how do you get infected with Naegleria flowleri?

A

Nasal passage, ameba’s migrate along olfactory nerve into cranium
- drinking water can not infect human, even if the water is infected

83
Q

What are the environmental condition for Naegleria flowleri?

A

warm fresh water

84
Q

Where can Naegleria flowleri be found?

A 
o Freshwater
o Soil
o Ponds, canals, and lakes
o Freshwater aquariums
o Sewage
85
Q

what are the % fatality of Naegleria flowleri?

A

98% only 3 survivor out of 128 cases in U.S

86
Q

What does Naegleria flowleri causes to human

A

primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), acute, fatal diseases
- PAM is an acute, fulminant, and rapidly fatal diseases

87
Q

What are Naegleria flowleri sensitive to ?

A

chlorine

Parasitology (5 decks)

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