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Parasitology > Parasitology #3 > Flashcards

Parasitology #3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sexuality of nematoda?

A

most are dioecious; considerable sexual dimorphism (separate male and female)

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2
Q

how big can nematoda can be?

A

from < 1 mm to > 10 meters, elongated, tapered at both ends.

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3
Q

how is the digestive track in nematoda?

A

usually complete; mouth at extreme ANTERIOR and anus near POSTERIOR tip

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4
Q

how is the form of nematoda?

A
  • Bilaterally symmetrical, posses a PSEUDOCOEL (have a false coelom before the center)
  • Not true body cavity
  • Only has mesoderm surronding ectoderm
  • Body cavity filled with hemoglobin
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5
Q

What is the type of skin that nematoda has?

A

-Noncellular cuticle that is secreted by an underlying hypodermis
Chitinous cuticle is shed 4 times during ontogeny (4 molts, for growth)

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6
Q

Nematoda: Form and function

A
  • Bilaterally symmetrical, posses a pseudocoel
  • Most are dioecious; considerable sexual dimorphism
  • Elongated, tapered at both ends; from < 1 mm to > 10 meters
  • Digestive tract usually complete; mouth at extreme anterior and anus near posterior tip
  • Noncelullar cuticle that is secreted by an underlying hypodermis
  • Chitinous cuticle is shed 4 times during ontogeny (4 molts)
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7
Q

in Nematoda, noncellular cuticle is secreted by _____?

A

an underlying hypodermis.

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8
Q

What is the nematoda body wall consists of?

A

cuticle –> hypodermis (syncytial) –> body wall musculature

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9
Q

what is the important function of the hypodermis in nematoda?

A

secretion of cuticle

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10
Q

In nematoda, what is the shape of hypodermis and where is the nuclei?

A

Hypodermis is syncytial in adult worms; nuclei lie in 4 epidermal cords

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11
Q

in nematoda, where are the epidermal cords?

A

Epidermal cords run longitudinally and divide body into 4 quadrants

  • -dorsal and ventral cords contain longitudinal nerve trunks
    • Lateral cord contain lateral canals of the excretory system in most species
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12
Q

in nematoda, which cords contain longitudinal nerve trunks?

A

dorsal and ventral cords

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13
Q

in nematoda, what is specfic about the lateral cords?

A

contain lateral canals of the excretory system in most species

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14
Q

how is the musculature of the body wall in nematoda?

A

they are all longitudinally with no circular layer

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15
Q

what type of muscles does nomatoda have ?

A

contractile portion and a noncontractile cell body (myocyton)

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16
Q

How does muscles contraction occurs in nematoda?

A

they occurs similar to vertebrate striated muscle with myosin & actin

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17
Q

in nematoda, what functions as a hydrostatic skeleton?

A
  • cuticle
  • hypodermis
  • somatic musculature
  • fluid filled pseudocoel
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18
Q

Nematoda: Form and Function (Body Wall)

A
  • Nematoda body wall consists of cuticle, hypodermis, and body wall musculature
  • An important function of the hypodermis is secretion of cuticle
  • Hypodermis is syncytial in adult worms; nuclei lie in 4 epidermal cords
  • Epidermal cords run longitudinally and divide body into 4 quadrants
  • Dorsal and ventral cords contain longitudinal nerve trunks
  • Lateral cords contain lateral canals of the excretory system in most species
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19
Q

Nematoda: Form and Function (Musculature)

A
  • Muscles of the body wall are all longitudinally with no circular layer
  • Nematode muscles have a contractile portion and a noncontractile cell body (myocyton)
  • Muscle contractions occurs similar to vertebrate striated muscle with myosin & actin
  • Cuticle, hypodermis, somatic musculature, fluid filled pseudocoel functions as a hydrostatic skeleton
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20
Q

in nematoda, what does pseudocoel functions as a hydrostatic skeleton depends on?

A

1) Enclosed volume on non-compressible fluid
2) Ability of muscle contraction to apply pressure to that fluid
3) Transmission of the pressure in all directions

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21
Q

in nematoda, pseudocoelomic fluid is known as ____?

A

hemolymph

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22
Q

how does nematodes moves and describe the mobility?

A

alternation of contraction and relaxation in dorsal and ventral muscles produces the characteristic S-shaped motion seen in nematode locomotion

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23
Q

how does psudocoel differs in nematoda?

A

Pseudocoel differs from a true coelom in that it has no peritoneal (mesodermal) lining

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24
Q

what is pseudocoel in nematoda?

A

is a fluid-filled cavity enclosed by body wall

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25
Q

which phylum have a variety of sensilla?

A

nematodes

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26
Q

What are sensilla?

A

small sense organs

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27
Q

where are sensilla present in nematoda?

A

most prominent in the cephalic and caudal regions

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28
Q

Nervous system in nematoda is?

A

is relatively simple

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29
Q

what are 2 main concentration of nerve elements and how are they connected in nematoda?

A

they are connected by longitudinal nerve trunks

1) one in esophageal nerve region
2) one in anal region

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30
Q

Nematoda: Form and Function (Nervous system)

A
  • Nervous system is relatively simple
  • 2 main concentrations of nerve elements; connected by longitudinal nerve trunks
    one in esophageal nerve region
    one in anal region
  • Nematodes have a variety of sensilla (small sense organs)
  • Sensilla are most prominent in the cephalic and caudal regions
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31
Q

What are the parts of the digestive system in nematoda?

A

Digestive system is complete:

-mouth, gut and anus

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32
Q

2) Which of the following is affected by the hydrostatic skeleton in nematodes?
a) locomotion
b) feeding
c) reproduction
d) gamete formation
e) all of the above

A

2) Which of the following is affected by the hydrostatic skeleton in nematodes?
e) all of the above

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33
Q 
6) Which of the following is not a characteristic of the secretory-excretory system in
nematodes?
a) 2 long canals in lateral hypodermis
b) flame cells
c) excretion occurs via intestine
d) presence of excretory pore
e) none of the above
A

6) Which of the following is not a characteristic of the secretory-excretory system in
nematodes?
b) flame cells

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34
Q

17) Which of the following is not a characteristic of nematodes?
a) bilaterally symmetrical
b) syncytial tegument
c) pseudocoelomate
d) dioecious
e) all of the above

A

17) Which of the following is not a characteristic of nematodes?
b) syncytial tegument

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35
Q

24) Which of the following helps to ensure food moves through the digestive system in nematodes?
a) hydrostatic pressure
b) newly ingested food
c) locomotion
d) posterior bulb
e) all of the above

A

24) Which of the following helps to ensure food moves through the digestive system in nematodes?
e) all of the above

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36
Q

30) Which component is responsible for the S-shaped locomotion seen in nematodes?
a) lateral somatic muscle
b) circular somatic muscle
c) smooth muscle
d) longitudinal somatic muscle
e) none of the above

A

30) Which component is responsible for the S-shaped locomotion seen in nematodes?
d) longitudinal somatic muscle

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37
Q 
32) Which of the following is not a functional component of the nematode hydrostatic
skeleton?
a) somatic musculature
b) cuticle
c) microtriches
d) hemolymph
e) none of the above
A

32) Which of the following is not a functional component of the nematode hydrostatic
skeleton?
c) microtriches

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38
Q

34) Which of the following is not characteristic of male nematodes?
a) males are generally smaller
b) tail of males are more curled
c) males have cloaca
d) spermatozoa use pseudopodium
e) none of the above

A

34) Which of the following is not characteristic of male nematodes?
e) none of the above

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39
Q

41) How many molts take place before a nematode reaches the adult stage?
a) 1 molt
b) 2 molts
c) 3 molts
d) 4 molts
e) none of the above

A

41) How many molts take place before a nematode reaches the adult stage?
d) 4 molts

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40
Q

16) Which nematode species covered can cause rectal prolapse?
a) Trichinella spiralis
b) Ascaris lumbricoides
c) Trichuris trichiura
d) Strongyloides stercoralis
e) none of the above

A

16) Which nematode species covered can cause rectal prolapse?
c) Trichuris trichiura

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41
Q

33) Which of the following is not capable of autoinfection?
a) Hymenolepis nana
b) Strongyloides stercoralis
c) Trichuris trichiura
d) Taenia solium
e) all of the above

A

33) Which of the following is not capable of autoinfection?

c) Trichuris trichiura

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42
Q

38) Which of the following is an epidemiological factor for Trichuris trichiura?
a) house fly
b) low sanitation standards
c) night soil for fertilizer
d) moist soil and dense shade
e) all of the above

A

38) Which of the following is an epidemiological factor for Trichuris trichiura?
e) all of the above

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43
Q 
9) Which nematode species covered can utilize a human as both intermediate and definitive
host?
a) Ascaris lumbricoides
b) Trichinella spiralis
c) Trichuris trichiura
d) Onchocerca volvulus
e) none of the above
A

9) Which nematode species covered can utilize a human as both intermediate and definitive
host?
b) Trichinella spiralis

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44
Q

14) Which of the following is not an epidemiological characteristic of Trichinella spiralis?
a) eating infected pork
b) human not important for life cycle
c) zoonotic disease
d) ingesting beetle
e) none of the above

A

14) Which of the following is not an epidemiological characteristic of Trichinella spiralis?
d) ingesting beetle

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45
Q

25) Which of the following is not characteristic of the life history of Trichinella spiralis?
a) intracellular parasite
b) viviparous
c) nurse cell
d) copulation within the mucosal epithelium
e) none of the above

A

25) Which of the following is not characteristic of the life history of Trichinella spiralis?
b) viviparous

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46
Q

31) Which of the following parasitic infections cannot occur via mechanical vector?
a) Trichinella spiralis
b) Ascaris lumbricoides
c) Taenia solium
d) Trichuris trichiura
e) none of the above

A

31) Which of the following parasitic infections cannot occur via mechanical vector?
a) Trichinella spiralis

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47
Q

7) What determines whether Strongyloides stercoralis undergoes a free living mode in females?
a) temperature > 33C
b) low relative humidity
c) temperature < 34C
d) high relative humidity
e) none of the above

A

7) What determines whether Strongyloides stercoralis undergoes a free living mode in females?
c) temperature < 34C

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48
Q

35) How many molts take place before Strongyloides stercoralis reaches the J3 infective stage?
a) 1 molt
b) 2 molts
c) 3 molts
d) 4 molts
e) none of the above

A

35) How many molts take place before Strongyloides stercoralis reaches the J3 infective stage?
b) 2 molts

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49
Q 
29) Which of the following is an epidemiological factor for
Strongyloides stercoralis?
a) J3s in contaminated soil 
b) low sanitation standards 
c) transmammary infection
d) presence of dogs and cats
e) all of the above
A

29) Which of the following is an epidemiological factor for
Strongyloides stercoralis?
e) all of the above

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50
Q

37) Which nematode species covered can exit through your nostril while you’re sleeping?
a) Taenia solium
b) Trichinella spiralis
c) Ascaris lumbricoides
d) Trichuris trichiura
e) none of the above

A

37) Which nematode species covered can exit through your nostril while you’re sleeping?
c) Ascaris lumbricoides

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51
Q

4) Which nematode species covered can cause hanging groin and elephantiasis?
a) Strongyloides stercoralis
b) Trichinella spiralis
c) Ascaris lumbricoides
d) Onchocerca volvulus
e) none of the above

A

4) Which nematode species covered can cause hanging groin and elephantiasis?
d) Onchocerca volvulus

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52
Q

22) Which of the following is an epidemiological factor for human infection with Ochocerca volvulus?
a) clear, slow running water
b) presence of blowfly
c) murky, fast running water
d) presence of black fly
e) none of the above

A

22) Which of the following is an epidemiological factor for human infection with Ochocerca volvulus?
d) presence of black fly

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53
Q

Which of the following is an epidemiological factor for ancylostoma duodenale?

a. J3s in contaminated soil
b. 23-30 C ambient temperature
c. Dependence on night soil
d. Low sanitation standards
e. All of the above

A

Which of the following is an epidemiological factor for ancylostoma duodenale?
e. All of the above

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54
Q

12) Which of the following is not a characteristic of the family Trypanosomatidae?
a. heterotrophic
b. eukaryotic
c. prokaryotic
d. single cellular
e. all of the above

A

12) Which of the following is not a characteristic of the family Trypanosomatidae?
c. prokaryotic

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55
Q

23) A parasite that lives within more than one host during the parasite’s life is known as:
a. Dioecious
b. Monoxenous
c. Heteroxenous
d. Androgeny
e. None of the above

A

23) A parasite that lives within more than one host during the parasite’s life is known as:
c. Heteroxenous

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56
Q 
3) Which of the following structure in hemoflagellates consists of a mass of DNA within the
single mitochondrion?
a. Axoneme
b. none of the above
c. kinesosome
d. Undulating membrane
e. Kinetoplast
A

3) Which of the following structure in hemoflagellates consists of a mass of DNA within the
single mitochondrion?
e. Kinetoplast

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57
Q

11) Which of the parasites below does not have an intracellular life cycle stage?
a. Trypanosoma cruzi
b. Plasmodium vivax
c. Leishmania donovani
d. Trypanosoma brucei
e. all of the above

A

11) Which of the parasites below does not have an intracellular life cycle stage?
d. Trypanosoma brucei

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58
Q

14) Which of the following parasites below has the following life cycle stages?
trypomastigote → epimastigote → metacyclic trypomastigote →
a. Trypanosoma cruzi
b. Plasmodium ovale
c. Trypanosoma brucei
d. Leishmania donovani
e. none of the above

A

14) Which of the following parasites below has the following life cycle stages?
trypomastigote → epimastigote → metacyclic trypomastigote →
c. Trypanosoma brucei

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59
Q 
16) A patient arrives at a clinic with Winterbottom’s sign. Which parasite is this
symptom associated with?
a. Trypanosoma brucei 
b. Leishmania donovani 
c. Trypanosoma cruzi
d. Plasmodium vivax
e. none of the above
A

16) A patient arrives at a clinic with Winterbottom’s sign. Which parasite is this
symptom associated with?
a. Trypanosoma brucei

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60
Q 
26) Which of the parasites below is the etiological agent for African sleeping
sickness?
a. Trypanosoma cruzi 
b. Plasmodium vivax 
c. Leishmania donovani
d. Trypanosoma brucei
e. all of the above
A

26) Which of the parasites below is the etiological agent for African sleeping
sickness?
d. Trypanosoma brucei

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61
Q

28) Trypanosoma brucei is transmitted by which of the following vectors?
a. tsetse fly
b. Anopheles mosquito
c. sand fly
d. kissing bug
e. none of the above

A

28) Trypanosoma brucei is transmitted by which of the following vectors?
a. tsetse fly

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62
Q

34) Which life cycle stage of Trypanosoma brucei is infective for humans?
a. epimastigote
b. promastigote
c. amastigote
d. metacyclic trypomastigote
e. none of the above

A

34) Which life cycle stage of Trypanosoma brucei is infective for humans?
d. metacyclic trypomastigote

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63
Q

Which of the following three indistinguishable subspecies of Typanosoma brucei causes chronic form of African sleeping sickness?

a. T. b. gambiense
b. None of the above
c. T. b. brucei
d. T. b. rhodesiense
e. T. b. cruzi

A

Which of the following three indistinguishable subspecies of Typanosoma brucei causes chronic form of African sleeping sickness?
a. T. b. gambiense

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64
Q

what are the advantage and disadvantage of muscular presence in the esophagus of a nematoda?

A

GREAT for food intake

BAD for food can not go out through the mouth

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65
Q

*What does capillary do when they eat ? what was the analogue from Dr. sharp

A

they defecate as they eat, *like a conveyor belt system

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66
Q

What does nematoda use in order to open the mouth and for “suck in food”

A

buccal muscles and anterior esophageal muscles contract to open mouth

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67
Q

how does food pass from esophagus to the intestine in nematoda?

A

via muscle contractions until it reaches the intestine

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68
Q

what is the purposes of hydrostastic pressure in nematoda pseudocoel?

A
  • closes mouth and esophageal lumen
  • pushes food posteriorly; newly ingested food and locomotor helps
  • causes defecation when the anus is opened
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69
Q

What contracts to open the anus in Nematoda?

A

depressor ani ( anal dialator muscles)

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70
Q

What is the name of the one-way valve in nematoda?

A

posterior bulb

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71
Q

what does nematoda eat?

A
  • blood
  • tissue cells
  • fluids
  • intestinal contents
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72
Q

What is the purposes of Spicule in nematoda?

A

to open and close the vagina or vulva

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73
Q

Where does most excretion occurs in nematoda?

A

through the intestine ( constructed of a single layer of intestinal cells

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74
Q

Does Nematoda have flame cells or nephridia?

A

NO

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75
Q

where are mostly the secretory-excretory system in nematoda?

A

2 long canals in the lateral hypodermis connect near the anterior end

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76
Q

in nematoda, where does the secretory-excretory canal opens to?

A

the excretory pore

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77
Q

What is the ability of the secretory-excretory system in the nematoda?

A

to osmoregulate varies greatly; depends on habitat

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78
Q

What is the physical characteristic of female and male nematoda?

A

Female generally larger; tail of males is more curled

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79
Q

What is the embryo reproduction system of nematoda?

A

most nematodes are OVIPAROUS

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80
Q

what does Nematoda spermatozoa use?

A

pseudopodium

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81
Q

What does nematoda males reproduction organ have?

A

Males have CLOACA, ejaculatory duct opens through a central vulva

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82
Q

How many testes does nematoda have?

A

Testes are generally paired, but some species only have one

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83
Q

In nematoda, copulatory spicules of male are used in ______?

A

copulation

Pries open vagina to fertilize eggs

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84
Q

Gonads of nematodes characteristics

A
  • are solid cords of cells; germ cells move via RACHIS
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85
Q

Which worm is A.K.A. Whipworm?

A

Trichuris trichiura

also considered Tissue parasite

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86
Q

what are conditions for Embryonation in Trichuris trichiura?

A

21 days in moist and shady soil

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87
Q

how many eggs does females Trichuris trichiura produce a day?
What is the infection stage?

A

between 3,000 to 20,000 eggs per day

Infection stage: J1 (L1)

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88
Q

what is the length of adult of Trichuris trichiura?

A

3 to 5 cm, adults live several years

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89
Q

what will be the course of Trichuris trichiura if swallowed?

A

Swallowed, hatch in small intestine, and enter intestinal crypts of large intestine

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90
Q

how to distinguish the gender of Trichuris trichiura? (physically)

A

the male is more circular and round towards one end

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91
Q

What are physically observed in Trichuris trichiura?

A

Slender anterior end embeds in guts mucosa; enlarged posterior portion in lumen

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92
Q

What are the symptoms of intense trichuriasis?

A
  • dysentery
  • anemia
  • growth retardation
  • RECTAL PROLAPSE
  • finger and toe clubbing
  • adversely affect cognitive function
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93
Q

*what is dysentery (the symptom)

A

defecation until death, associated with wet stool (either mucous or blood)

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94
Q

what happens if one person have < 100 worms of Trichuris trichiura ?

A

it is often asymptomatic

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95
Q

what happens if one person have 200 to 1,000 worms of Trichuris trichiura and what kind of people, is it mostly found?

A

it is heavy burden that may result in death; found mostly in small children

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96
Q

what are the trauma from Trichuris trichiura?

A

Trauma to intestinal epithelium and underlying mucosa; chronic hemorrhage

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97
Q

what is the mechanical vector of Trichuris trichiura?

A

house flies

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98
Q

what are the physical conditions for eggs survival of Trichuris trichiura?

A
  • warm
  • high rainfall and humidity
  • moisture retaining soil
  • dense shade
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99
Q

what are methods to increases risk for having Trichuris trichiura?

A
  • poor standards of sanitation

- night soil (human feces) for fertilizer

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100
Q

how much prevalence was done for Trichuris trichiura?

A
  • reach 20-25% in small children in Southeastern US

- estimated at 795 million worldwide

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101
Q

What nematode is A.K.A. Porkworm?

A

Trichinella spiralis

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102
Q

What is the smallest nematode parasite of human?

A

Trichinella spiralis

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103
Q

What is the world’s largest intracellular parasite?

A

Trichinella spiralis

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104
Q

what is special about Trichinella spiralis inter. and def. host?

A

they can be the same individual

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105
Q

what is a “nurse cells”?

A

skeletal muscle

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106
Q

where does Juveniles (J1) reside for Trichinella spiralis

What is the infection stage?

A

reside in “nurse cells” of skeletal muscle of intermediate host
Infection stage: J1

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107
Q

what is the embryo developement for Trichinella spiralis females ?

A

ovoviviparous

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108
Q

How many juveniles and how long does it take to reproduce for Trichinella spiralis ?

A

thousands of juveniles over 4 months

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109
Q

what carries Trichinella spiralis juveniles in humans?

A
  • hepatoportal system through liver
  • heart
  • lungs
  • arterial system
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110
Q

What is the cellular state of adult Trichinella spiralis in intestinal epithelium?

A

intramulticellular

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111
Q

how do you get infected with Trichinella spiralis?

A

Definitive host eats contaminated meat with nurse cells infective juveniles (J1) are released from nurse cells in stomach

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112
Q

how many molts in small intestine happens with Trichinella spiralis and what happens after?

A

Undergo 4 molts in small intestine, then COPULATION within mucosal epithelium

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113
Q

what are the 3 stages of Pathogenesis of trichinosis ?

A

1) penetration of adult females into mucosa
2) migration of juveniles
3) penetration and nurse cell formation

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114
Q

Pathogenesis of trichinosis - 1st stage - penetration of adult females into mucosa consequences

A
  • traumatic damage to host tissue

- host reacts to their waste products: nausea, sweating, vomiting

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115
Q

Pathogenesis of trichinosis - 2nd stage - migration of juveniles consequences

A
  • damage to blood vessels: localized edema
  • wandering juveniles: pneumonia, encephalitis, meningitis, etc
  • death van result from MYOCARDITIS
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116
Q

Pathogenesis of trichinosis - 3rd stage - penetration and nurse cell formation consequences

A
  • intense muscular pain, difficulty breathing or swallowing

- heavy infection suppresses muscle contractibility

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117
Q

*what did DR. sharp suspect if the farmer is missing?

A

the pig ate it and pig are mostly known for pulling a mike tyson to another pig (eating a ear piece)

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118
Q

Why are humans not a good host for Trichinella spiralis?

A

because we are on the top of the food chain

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119
Q

what is the epidemiology name of Trichinella spiralis?

A

Zoonotic disease (infectious and spread ONLY to animals) - huamns not important for life cycle

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120
Q

How do you get infected with Trichinella spiralis?

A
  • Eating infected pork is most common source of infection

- Solid meat is safe when all traces of pink have disappeared

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121
Q

Where is Trichinella spiralis well known in the world?

A
  • Mexico
  • Parts of south america
  • Africa
  • Southern Asia
  • Middle East
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122
Q

How long can Acaris lumbricoides female be?

A

up to 49 cm long

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123
Q

how do you get infected with Acaris lumbricoides ?

A

infection occurs when unhatched juveniles are swallowed

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124
Q

how do Acaris lumbricoides eggs develop?

A
  • unembryonated develop into J3s inside egg

- juveniles molt TWICE to become infective J3 inside egg

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125
Q

where do Acaris lumbricoides hatch and what are their migration process ? (cycle in organs)

A
  • Hatch in duodenum and penetrate small intestine and enter venules
  • Enter pulmonary circulation and break out of capillaries
  • Juveniles usually molt ONCE in lungs, migrate up trachea and swallowed
  • Pass through stomach and mature in small intestine
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126
Q

What are the organs that Acaris lumbricoides affect in pathology?

A
  • skin
  • lungs
  • intestine
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127
Q

What is the symptom in the skin with Acaris lumbricoides, parasite get lost?

A

worms may get lost and cause acute tissues reaction. such as INFLAMMATORY response

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128
Q

what are the symptoms in the lungs with Acaris lumbricoides?

A
  • breaking out of lung capillaries causes a small HEMORRHAGE at each site
  • small pools of blood accumulate in lungs causing EDEMA, clogging air spaces
  • lung can become diseased and result in bacterial infection, resulting to DEATH
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129
Q

what is the symptoms in the intestine with Acaris lumbricoides?

A

massive infections can cause FATAL intestinal blockage

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130
Q

what are the effect if a patient infected with Acaris lumbricoides lay down in the night ?

A

the worms can travels to the head in the search for mating, can be present in the mouth, nose and nostrils.

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131
Q

what is the typical mean of infection with Acaris lumbricoides

A

contamination

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132
Q

how much of the world population is infected with Acaris lumbricoides?

A

25% (one quarter)

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133
Q

What animals can be a reservoir host of Acaris lumbricoides?

A

dogs

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134
Q

what are mechanical vectors of Acaris lumbricoides?

A

cockroaches (which doudoudou is a killer expert and the other doudoudou ( aka Hugo) is terrified)

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135
Q

how long can the Acaris lumbricoides eggs be infective in soil?

A

10 YEARS

136
Q

what is the meaning of parthenogenesis ?

A

virgin birth, asexual reproduction

137
Q

What nematoda is A.K.A. “threadworm”

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

138
Q

where does Strongyloides stercoralis females burrow in humans? (organs)

A

into submucosa of small intestine

139
Q

where does Strongyloides stercoralis females release eggs in humans? (organs)

A

in the mucosa, hatch and migrate to lumen

140
Q

how does J1’s Strongyloides stercoralis leaves the body and what happens after out of the body?

A

they are passed in feces and become either:

  • non-infective RHABDITIFORM in soil that give rise to free living adults in soil ( can live entire cycle in suitable soil conditions)
  • infective FILARIFORM J3s in soil
141
Q

what does both free-living and parasitic can produce if they are Strongyloides stercoralis female and what is the preferred temperature?

A

they can produce free-living and parasitic juveniles

ambient temperature <34°C then free-living female

142
Q

how do you get infected with Strongyloides stercoralis?

A

infective FILARIFORM J3s continue development after they PENETRATE skin

  • Contracting juveniles in contaminated soil
  • Transmammary infection in dogs, and presumably humans
143
Q

how can Strongyloides stercoralis be an autoinfection parasite?

A

autoinfection may occur if juveniles molt twice before exiting in feces

144
Q

where do Strongyloides stercoralis migrate inside the human?

Cycle

A
  • Penetrate skin
  • Migrate to small intestine usually via lungs, coughed up and swallowed
  • autoinfection may occur if juveniles molt twice before exiting in feces
145
Q

What are the 3 stages of Strongyloidiasis?

A

1) invasive
2) pulmonary
3) intestine

146
Q

Pathogenesis of Strongyloidiasis - 1st stage - invasive

Symptoms

A

intense itching at site of entry, slight hemorrhage and swelling

147
Q

Pathogenesis of Strongyloidiasis - 2nd stage - pulmonary

Symptoms

A

burning sensation in chest, nonproductive cough, and possible bronchial pneumonia

148
Q

Pathogenesis of Strongyloidiasis - 3rd stage - intestine

Symptoms

A

worms migrate randomly through mucosa, intense localized burning sensation in abdomen, intestinal ulceration and septicemia

149
Q

What are reservoir host of Strongyloides stercoralis ?

A

Cats and dogs

150
Q

where is Strongyloides stercoralis present (hygene)?

Contamination?

A

present under conditions of low sanitation standards

  • Contracting juveniles in contaminated soil
  • Transmammary infection in dogs, and presumably humans
151
Q

how long can Onchocerca volvulus female and males can be?

A

Female up to 50 cm long

Males up to 42 cm

152
Q

what does Onchocerca volvulus females can produce (reproduction)?

A

microfilariae (ovoviviparous)

153
Q

where are Onchocerca volvulus adult worms on human?

A

they are located under the skin; become encapsulated by host (onchocercomas)

154
Q

how do black fly become infected with Onchocerca volvulus?

A
  • when it takes tissue fluid/ blood meal
  • Microfilariae penetrate fly midgut and molt twice in black fly thoracic muscles
  • Infective filariform J3s move to fly mouth parts to infect new host
155
Q

how do we get infected with Onchocerca volvulus?

A

microfilariae concentrate in skin where black flies bite, therefore through a black flies bite.

156
Q

River blindness is a symptom from which nematoda?

A

Onchocerca volvulus

157
Q

what is the symptom AKA River blindness?

A

not fatal, but does cause disfigurement and blindness

158
Q

which type of people have permanent disability when infected with Onchocerca volvulus?

A

Most middle-aged people and older are blind in some communities

159
Q

what is onchocercomas?

A
  • Adult worms stimulate the growth of benign subcutaneous nodule
  • consist of collagen fiber surrounding up to several adult worms
160
Q

what is the cause of severe dermatitis in Onchocerca volvulus?

A

degenerating juveniles in skin

161
Q

what is the cause of sclerosing keratitis in Onchocerca volvulus?

A

degenerating juveniles in eyes

162
Q

what are symptoms of Onchocerca volvulus?

A
  • River blindness
  • onchocercoma
  • severe dermatitis (skin)
  • sclerosing keratitis (eyes)
  • elephantiasis (may occur)
  • hanging groin (may occur)
163
Q

Where is Onchocerca volvulus known to be a significant public health problem? (geography)

A

Africa and South America

164
Q

Where is black fly present ? (environment) (Onchocerca volvulus)

A
  • clear and fast-running streams (larval)

- high humidity and plenty of streamside vegetation (adult fly)

165
Q

how long can Dirofilaria immitis females and males can be?

A

females up to 30 cm long and males are shorter

166
Q

Where are Dirofilaria immitis adult worms located in humans?

A

in the right side of heart and pulmonary arteries

167
Q

what does Dirofilaria immitis female produce? (reproduction) (ovoviviparous)

A

microfilariae

168
Q

where are Dirofilaria immitis MICROFILARIAE found in human?

A

in peripheral blood circulation

169
Q

how do mosquitoes get infected with Dirofilaria immitis?

A

when they ingest blood meal

170
Q

where does Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae develop into J3s in a humans?

A

Malpighian tubules

171
Q

where does Dirofilaria immitis infective filariform J3s moves to in mosquito?

A

they move to mosquito PROBOSCIS to infect new host

172
Q

Which host is Dirofilaria immitis pathogen dangerous?

A

Dogs and dogs

  • prevalence and intensity is typically lower in cats
  • cats need fewer adults to cause serious disease
173
Q

What is the nematode AKA heartworm

A

Dirofilaria immitis

174
Q

What are the symptoms of Dirofilaria immitis

A
  • respiratory distress
  • vomiting
  • chronic cough
  • exercise intolerance
175
Q

what does Dirofilaria immitis do to pulmornary arteries ?

A

show signs of inflammation and thickening

176
Q

Dirofilaria immitis adult worms may prevent proper sealing of ____________? (pathogen slide)

A

tricuspid and semilunar valves

177
Q

how many cases of human pulmonary dirofilariasis was documented in U.S.?

A

60 cases

178
Q

heartworm has been dignosed from domestic dog in which state?

A

ALL 50 U.S. STATES

179
Q

where is the prevalence the highest in U.S. with Dirofilaria immitis?

A

Southeastern US and Gulf Coast

-host specificity is low for species of mosquito vectors

180
Q

how long can Wuchereria bancrofti females and males be?

A

up to 10 cm for females and up to 4 cm for males

181
Q

what do Wuchereria bancrofti female produce ? (reproduction) (ovoviviparous)

A

microfilariae

182
Q

where are Wuchereria bancrofti adult worms located in humans? (be specific in where, organs)

A
  • located in lymphatic ducts of humans

- Found in afferent lymph channels near major lymph glands in lower half of body

183
Q

what does Wuchereria bancrofti MICROFILARIAE shows in humans? (organs migration)

A

show periodicity in their migration to peripheral blood circulation

184
Q

how does night-feeding mosquito get infected with Wuchereria bancrofti?

A

ingesting blood meal

185
Q

what does Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae penetrate in mosquitos?

A

gut and molt twice in mosquito thoracic muscle

186
Q

where does infective Wuchereria bancrofti filariform J3s move in the mosquito?

A

move to mosquito PROBOSCIS to infect new host

187
Q

What are Wuchereria bancrofti , 3 phases of lymphatic filariasis?

A

1) asymptomatic
2) inflammatory (Acute)
3) Obstructive

188
Q

Pathogenesis of lymphatic filariasis - 1st stage - asymptomatic

A

seen in large proportion of endemic individuals where microfilaremia and symptoms are not present

189
Q

Pathogenesis of lymphatic filariasis - 2nd stage - inflammatory (Acute)

A

caused by antigens (Wolbachia) released from adult worms

- adult worms cause dilation of lymph channels 
- may result in lymphedema and hydrocele
- invasion of bacteria from skin surface
190
Q

Pathogenesis of lymphatic filariasis - 3rd stage - Obstructive

A

infiltration of the affected area with fibrous connective tissue
- elephantiasis results from repeated attacks of acute lymphatic inflammation

191
Q

What cause Scrotal hydrocele, and which parasite is involved?

A

due to lymphatic filariasis - Parasite: Wuchereria bancrofti

192
Q

How many cases are estimated for Wuchereria bancrofti?

A

120 millions cases

193
Q

what organism is the vector for Wuchereria bancrofti?

A

mosquito, primarily night feeders

194
Q

what is the suitable environment for Wuchereria bancrofti?

A

Tropical areas provide suitable breeding sites for mosquitoes
- Prevention involves protection against mosquito bites endemic areas

195
Q

Which nematoda is AKA “eye worm” ?

A

Loa loa

196
Q

How long can Loa loa females and males can be ?

A

females up to 7 cm

males up to 3.5 cm

197
Q

what are the intermediate hosts of Loa loa ?

A

Several species of deer fly, genus CHRYSOPS.

198
Q

where does Loa loa adults migrate in humans? (organs)

A

they migrate throughout subcutaneous connective tissue of body

199
Q

where does Loa loa microfilariae appears in humans? (organs)

A

in peripheral blood during the day and in lungs at nights

200
Q

Where does Loa loa microfilariae develop into J3s?

A

thoracic muscles of deer fly & migrate to mouthparts

201
Q

where do Loa loa reside in their adults life in human?

A

live in subcutaneous and intermuscular connective tissues, including back, chest, axilla, groin, penis, scalp, and eyes in humans

202
Q

what is calabar?

A

fugitive swellings

203
Q

what are the symptoms of Loa loa?

A
  • Calabar “fugitive swellings” result as worms wander through subcutaneous connective tissue
  • Intense pruritis (itchiness), arthralgia, and fatigue are common
  • Infection of deep tissues, including fatal encephalitis is known
204
Q

what is pruritis?

A

INTENSE itchiness

205
Q

where is Loa loa mostly found? (geography)

A

Rain forested area central and west africa

206
Q

1) Which life cycle stage of Trypanosoma cruzi is infective for humans?
a. epimastigote
b. promastigote
c. amastigote
d. metacyclic trypomastigote
e. none of the above

A

1) Which life cycle stage of Trypanosoma cruzi is infective for humans?
d. metacyclic trypomastigote

207
Q 
18) Which of the following parasites below has the following life cycle stages?
trypomastigote → amastigote → trypomastigote → epimastigote → metacyclic
trypomastigote →
a. Trypanosoma brucei 
b. Plasmodium vivax
c. Trypanosoma cruzi
d. Leishmania donovani
 e. none of the above
A

18) Which of the following parasites below has the following life cycle stages?
trypomastigote → amastigote → trypomastigote → epimastigote → metacyclic
trypomastigote →

c. Trypanosoma cruzi

208
Q 
20) Which of the following epidemiological factors is not associated with
Trypanosoma cruzi?
a. thatched roofs 
b. blood transfusion 
c. cracked walls
d. armadillos
e. none of the above
A

20) Which of the following epidemiological factors is not associated with
Trypanosoma cruzi?
e. none of the above

209
Q

27) Trypanosoma cruzi is transmitted by which of the following vectors?
a. sand fly
b. blowfly
c. tsetse fly
d. Anopheles mosquito
e. none of the above

A

27) Trypanosoma cruzi is transmitted by which of the following vectors?
e. none of the above

210
Q

29) Which of the parasites below is the etiological agent for Chagas’ disease?
a. Trypanosoma cruzi
b. Plasmodium vivax
c. Leishmania donovani
d. Trypanosoma brucei
e. all of the above

A

29) Which of the parasites below is the etiological agent for Chagas’ disease?
a. Trypanosoma cruzi

211
Q

30) Which of the following is not one of the three indistinguishable subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei?
a. T. b. brucei
b. T. b. rhodesiense
c. T. b. gambiense
d. T. b. cruzi
e. none of the above

A

30) Which of the following is not one of the three indistinguishable subspecies of
Trypanosoma brucei?
d. T. b. cruzi

212
Q

31) A patient arrives at a clinic with Romaña’s sign. Which parasite is this symptom associated with?
a. Trypanosoma cruzi
b. Leishmania donovani
c. Trypanosoma brucei
d. Plasmodium ovale
e. none of the above

A

31) A patient arrives at a clinic with Romaña’s sign. Which parasite is this
symptom associated with?
a. Trypanosoma cruzi

213
Q

4) Which of the parasites below is the etiological agent for Kala-azar?
a. Trypanosoma cruzi
b. Plasmodium vivax
c. Leishmania donovani
d. Trypanosoma bruci
e. all of the above

A

4) Which of the parasites below is the etiological agent for Kala-azar?
c. Leishmania donovani

214
Q

Which of the following is not associated with the body wall of nematodes?

a. Hypodermis
b. Tegument
c. Body wall musculature
d. Cuticle
e. None of the above

A

Which of the following is not associated with the body wall of nematodes?

b. tegument

215
Q

How many molts are needed for nematodes to become reproductive adults?

a. 1 molt
b. 2 molt
c. 3 molt
d. 4 molt*
e. 5 molts

A

How many molts are needed for nematodes to become reproductive adults?

d. 4 molt

216
Q

Where does eggs produced by the female of Anisakis simplex are embedded?

A

Eggs produced by females worms embedded in stomach of marine mammal

217
Q

Life cycle of Anisakis simplex

A
  • Eggs become embryonated in water and juveniles molt once to become J2’s in egg
  • Eggs become embryonated in water and juveniles molt once to become J2’s in egg
  • Eggs become embryonated in water and juveniles molt once to become J2’s in egg
  • J3’s migrate to peritoneal cavity and grow up to 3 cm in fish or squid
  • Upon death of host the J3’s migrate to the muscle tissues
  • J3’s are transferred via fish to fish and then finally to marine mammal
218
Q

Intermediate, definite and incidental host of Anisakis simplex?

A 
Intermediate host: 
- Crustaceans
- Fish
Definite host: 
- marine mammals 
Incidental host:
- Humans
219
Q

Infective stage of Anisakis simplex?

A

J3

220
Q

How long does it takes to have the symptoms for Anisakis simplex?

A

Symptoms begin within 1 to 12 hours when juveniles begin to penetrate the STOMACH

221
Q

How long does it takes to have the symptoms of intestinal penetration for Anisakis simplex?

A

Symptoms of intestinal penetration may commence up to 14 days after ingestion

222
Q

Symptoms for Anisakis simplex

A

Symptoms include:

  • extreme gastric pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and hives
  • —– Anisakis-associated severe IgE –mediated hypersensitivity reactions may occur —–
223
Q

Ways of contamination of Anisakis simplex

A
  • Eating undercooked or raw fish, such as sushi and ceviche, is a risk factor
224
Q

Anisakis simplex contamination reason (worldwide)

A
  • In US, majority of anisakiasis cases are due to ingestion of pacific salmon
  • Western Europe, majority of anisakiasis cases are due to ingestion herring
  • Spain, most cases have been related to the consumption of pickled anchovies
225
Q

Case study of Anisakis simplex

A

A study showed that up to 10% of the salmon consumed in Seattle sushi bars in the 1990’s contained larvae of Anisakis spp

226
Q

What is the nematode AKA pinworm

A 
Enterobius vermicularis
(doudoudou suffered a lot in his childhood because of itchy butt)
227
Q

How long can Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm) be?

A

Females are up to 13 mm long; males up to 4 mm long

228
Q

Where does adult worm of Enterobius vermicularis congregate?

A

Adult worms congregate in the ileocecal region of intestine

229
Q

Life cycle of Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)

A
  • Adult worms congregate in the ileocecal region of intestine
  • Attach to mucosa and feed on epithelial cells and bacteria
  • After copulation males die; females lay eggs into perineal skin then die
  • Eggs laid have partially developed juveniles; in 6 hours they are infected J3s
230
Q

What can happen to the egg of Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)?

A

Eggs can become airborne and accidently swallowed; retroinfection can occur

231
Q

Retroinfection

A

doesn’t occur inside the body (occurs outside the body). If you
have a little kid and they don’t wipe their butt very well and skip baths and not
clean their perianal region, its enough for the J3 to hatch and they don’t have to
- go through the GI migration. They can go back in where they came from
(perianal region).

232
Q

Pathogenesis of Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)

A

one-third of infections asymptomatic
Very large numbers of worms can cause pathogenesis in 2 ways
–(1) damage caused by worms attached within the intestine
- minute ulcerations lead to mild inflammation and bacterial infection
–(2) damage resulting from egg deposition around the anus
- perineal tickling sensation causes intense itching resulting in bacterial infection

233
Q

What can happen as an infection with Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm) in females?

A
  • Common for pinworms to wander into the vulva causing mild irritation
  • Cases have reported wandering up vagina, uterus, and oviducts into coelom
234
Q

Ways of infection with Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)

A

Humans can inhale and subsequently swallow eggs
Clothing and bedding rapidly becomes contaminated with eggs
Curtains, carpet, and dust are sources of infection or reinfection

235
Q

What to do in order to eradicate Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm) infection?

A

All bed linens, towels and clothes must be washed in hot water
Entire household needs chemotherapy, mebendazole (Vermox) or pyrantel pamoate

236
Q

Drugs to eliminate Pinworm

A

Entire household needs chemotherapy, mebendazole (Vermox) or pyrantel

237
Q

What is the nematode AKA hookworm

A

Ancylostoma duodenale

238
Q

How long can Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm) be?

A

Females up to 13 mm long; males up to 11 mm long

239
Q

Where does Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm) matures?

A

Mature and copulate in small intestine of host

240
Q

What does eggs of Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm) requires?

A

Eggs require warmth, shade, and moisture for continued development

241
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm) life cycle

A
  • Direct life cycle, eggs passed with feces
    Newly hatched J1s live in the * feces and feed on fecal matter
  • Undergo 2 molts to become infective J3s; can live for several weeks in soil
  • Penetrate skin, get to heart via blood vessels, then to lungs, coughed up, & swallowed
  • In small intestines they molt twice to become adults
242
Q 
Presence and severity depends on 3 factors:
 Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)
A

(1) number of worms present
(2) species of hookworm
(3) nutritional condition of infected person

243
Q 
Hookworm disease manifests in 3 main phases: 
 Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)
A

(1) Cutaneous phase
(2) Pulmonary phase
(3) Intestinal phase

244
Q

Hookworm disease manifests in 3 main phases:

1) Cutaneous phase

Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)

A
  • “ground itch” caused by bacterial infection of invading juvenile
  • Cutaneous larva migrans “creeping eruption”, from cat and dog hookworms
245
Q

Hookworm disease manifests in 3 main phases:

(2) Pulmonary phase

Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)

A
  • dry coughing and sore throat as worms break out of capillaries
246
Q

Hookworm disease manifests in 3 main phases:

(3) Intestinal phase

Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)

A
  • attach to mucosa, suck blood producing iron deficiency anemia
  • 0.26 ml blood loss per day (0.26ml x 100 worms = 26 ml blood loss)
247
Q

Ways of transmission of Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)

A
  • Lack of adequate sanitation
  • Economic dependence on night soil
  • 23 C to 30 C optimal for juveniles
248
Q

Case study of Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)

A

Anderson, Foster & Forrester (2003) performed a study of federal cats in Florida.
75% were infected with Ancylostoma tubaeforme

33% were infected with Ancylostoma braziliense; most commonly associated with CUTANEOUS LARVAL MIGRANS

249
Q 
Anhelmintics 
Albendazole (Albenza)
A
  • Developed by SmithKline 1972
  • Broad-spectrum Anhelmintic
  • On the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines

Available in the United States as Albenza by GlaxoSmithKline
(1 dose pack – 2 tablets - $215.00)

250
Q

Albendazole (Albenza)

How does it work?

A

Binds to colchicine-sensitive site of tubulin eliminating its polymerization into microtubules leading to impaired uptake of glucose

251
Q

Albendazole (Albenza)

Recommended drug by CDC effective against?

A
  • Trichuriasis,
  • Strongyloidiasis,
  • Ascariasis,
  • Anasakiasis,
  • Enterobiasis,
  • Ancylostomiasis,
  • Loiasis
252
Q 
Anhelmintics 
Ivermectin (Stromectol, Mectizan, Heartgard)
A
  • Broad spectrum anhelmintic
  • On the World Health Organization’s list of Essential Medicines
    Available in the United States as Stromectal by Merck Sharp & Dohme
    (1 pack – 4 tablets - $42.00)
253
Q

How does it work?

Ivermectin (Stromectol, Mectizan, Heartgard)

A

Binds to and activates glutamate-gated chloride ion channels present on neurons and myocytes, thus enhancing inhibitory neurotransmission

254
Q

Recommended drug by CDC effective against?

Ivermectin (Stromectol, Mectizan, Heartgard)

A
  • Recommended drug by CDC effective against: Trichuriasis, Strongyloidiasis, Ascariasis, Anasakiasis, Onchocerciasis, Wuchereriasis, and Dirofilariasis
  • Only effective against microfilariae, but can sterilize female macrofilariae (adults)
255
Q 
Anhelmintics 
Pyrantel pamoate ( Reese’s Pinworm Medicine)
A
  • On the World Health Organization’s list of Essential Medicines
  • (Reese’s Pinworm Medicine Suspension, 1.0 oz - $8.99)
  • Over-the-counter product
256
Q

How does it work?

Pyrantel pamoate

A

Acts as a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, which causes sudden contraction, followed by paralysis of helminths

257
Q

Recommended drug by CDC effective against?

Pyrantel pamoate

A

Recommended drug by the CDC effective against: Enterobiasis, Ascariasis, hookworms (all species), and Acanthocephaliasis

258
Q

Phylum of family Trypanosomatidae?

A

Phylum: Euglenozoa

259
Q

Order and family of family Trypanosomatidae

A

Order: Trypanosomatida
Family: Trypanosomatidae

260
Q

genus and kingdom of family Trypanosomatidae?

A

Genus: Trypanosoma Leishmania
Kingdom: Protozoa (not monophyletic)

261
Q

Trypanosomatidae

Form and Function

A

Hemoflagellates

Heterotrophic, eukaryotic, single cell

262
Q

(Trypanosomatidae Form and Function)

Heteroxenous:

A

parasite that lives within more than 1 host during their life cycle

263
Q

(Trypanosomatidae Form and Function )

Monoxenous:

A

living within a single host during a parasite’s life cycle

264
Q

Kinetoplast:

Trypanosomatidae Form and Function

A

dark staining mass of DNA within the single mitochondrion; situated at the base of the flagellum

265
Q

Kinetosome:

Trypanosomatidae Form and Function

A

(basal body): centriole from which the axoneme arises

266
Q

(Trypanosomatidae Form and Function )

Axoneme:

A

core of cilium or flagellum, composed of microtubules

267
Q

Undulating membrane:

Trypanosomatidae Form and Function

A

a finlike ridge across the surface of the cell with axoneme

268
Q

(Trypanosomatidae Form and Function )

Amastigote (shape)

A 
Round ( pic slide 89) 
Contains: 
- 1) nucleus
- 2) kinetoplast
- 3) kinetosome
- 4) axoneme
269
Q

(Trypanosomatidae Form and Function )

Trypomastigote (shape)

A 
Long "waves style, kinetoplast after nucleus" (pic slide 89) 
Contains 
- 1) nucleus
- 2) kinetoplast
- 3) kinetosome
- 4) axoneme
- 5) flagellum
- 6) undulating membrane
typically infective form for the vertebrate host (metacyclic trypomastigote = ready to be infective)
270
Q

(Trypanosomatidae Form and Function )

Epimastigote (shape)

A 
Long " between waves and sperm, kinetoplast before nucleus "  (pic slide 89) 
Contains" 
- 1) nucleus
- 2) kinetoplast
- 3) kinetosome
- 5) flagellum
- 6) undulating membrane
271
Q

(Trypanosomatidae Form and Function )

Promastigote (shape)

A 
Long "sperm style, kinetoplast at the beginning before nucleus"  (pic slide 89) 
Contains: 
- 1) nucleus
- 2) kinetoplast
- 3) kinetosome
- 4) axoneme
- 5) flagellum
272
Q

17) Which of the following parasites below has the following life cycle stages?
promastigote → amastigote → promastigote →
a. Trypanosoma brucei
b. Leishmania donovani
c. Trypanosoma cruzi
d. Plasmodium falciparum
e. none of the above

A

17) Which of the following parasites below has the following life cycle stages?
promastigote → amastigote → promastigote →
b. Leishmania donovani

273
Q

19) Which life cycle stage of Leishmania donovani is infective for humans?
a. epimastigote
b. promastigote
c. amastigote
d. metacyclic trypomastigote
e. none of the above

A

19) Which life cycle stage of Leishmania donovani is infective for humans?
b. promastigote

274
Q

25) Leishmania donovani is transmitted by which of the following vectors?
a. Anopheles mosquito
b. kissing bug
c. sand fly
d. tsetse fly
e. none of the above

A

25) Leishmania donovani is transmitted by which of the following vectors?
c. sand fly

275
Q

33) A patient arrives at a clinic with hepatosplenomegaly. Which parasite could this symptom be associated with?
a. Trypanosoma cruzi
b. Plasmodium malariae
c. Trypanosoma brucei
d. Leishmania donovani
e. none of the above

A

33) A patient arrives at a clinic with hepatosplenomegaly. Which parasite could
this symptom be associated with?
d. Leishmania donovani

276
Q

Trypanosoma brucei

3 morphologically indistinguishable subspecies

A

(1) T. b. brucei: humans are not susceptible, causes nagana in livestock
(2) T. b. gambiense: Human sleeping sickness (chronic form)
(3) T. b. rhodesiense: Human sleeping sickness (acute form)

NOTE: NOT intracellular; goes in between cells

277
Q

How is Trypanosoma brucei transmitted?

A

Transmitted by tsetse fly (Glossina spp.); > 90% flies refractive to infection

278
Q

Where does Trypanosoma brucei live inside vertebrates?

A

Inside vertebrate host trypomastigote live in blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and cerebral spinal fluid

279
Q 
Trypanosoma brucei 
Life cycle (inside vector)
A
  • Trypomastigote sucked up by tsetse fly; multiplies in midgut of insect
  • Migrate to salivary glands and transform into epimastigotes and multiply
  • Epimastigotes transform into metacyclic trypomastigotes; infective to vertebrate host
280
Q

Trypanosoma brucei

Vector

A

Tsetse fly

281
Q

Trypanosoma brucei

Pathology

A
  • Small chance at site inoculated; lesion disappears in 2 weeks
  • Fever, swelling of lymph nodes, generalized pain, headache, weakness, and cramps
  • Winterbottom’s sign: swollen lymph nodes at base of skull
282
Q

Winterbottom’s sign

A

swollen lymph nodes at base of skull

—Cervical lymphadenopathy (picture)

283
Q

T. b. rhodesiense

Pathology

A

Human sleeping sickness (acute form)

Rapid weight loss, heart problems; death within few months of infection

284
Q

T. b. gambiense

Pathology

A

Human sleeping sickness (chronic form)

  • Invades CNS, initiates chronic sleeping sickness
  • Increased apathy, mental dullness, tremor, paralysis, coma, death
285
Q

Trypanosoma brucei

Epidemiology

A
  • Reservoir hosts for T. b. rhodesiense
  • Presence of tsetse fly
  • Brush removal and trimming
286
Q

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

Vector

A

Vector: Glossina morsitans

287
Q

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

Vector

A

Vector: Glossina palpalis

288
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

Vector

A

Triatomine bug “kissing bug”

289
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

Lyfe cycle

A
  • Triatomine bug “kissing bug” gets blood meal and passes metacyclic trypomastigote in feces
  • Trypomastigote penetrate various cells at bite wound site
  • Amastigote form within monocytes beneath epidermis and multiply
  • Trypomastigotes released and enter cells of spleen, liver, lymphatic, cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscle
    Inside cell trypomastigotes transform into amastigote and multiply; form pseudocyst
  • Trypomastigotes released are sucked up by “kissing bug” and become Epimastigotes
  • Epimastigotes divide in midgut then transform to metacyclic trypomastigotes in rectum
290
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi infection stage

A

Trypomastigotes

291
Q

Chagoma

A

acute local inflammatory reaction where parasite enters through bite

292
Q

Romana’s sign

A

swelling and edema when parasites enter conjunctiva of eye

293
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

Pathology

A
    • Chagoma: acute local inflammatory reaction where parasite enters through bite
    • Romana’s sign: swelling and edema when parasites enter conjunctiva of eye
    • Disease known as Chagas’ disease
294
Q

What can happen if a pseudocysts is rupture in Trypanosoma cruzi?
Pathology

A

Rupture of pseudocysts causes acute local inflammatory response resulting in necrosis
(1) destruction of autonomic ganglia causes megaesophagus or megacolon
(2) heart disease caused by destroyed nerve ganglia; heart enlarges
Exp: apical aneurysm of heart
exp: Cardiomegaly

295
Q

Where does the kissing bugs hide?

A

Kissing bugs hide within crack of the wall of mud huts

old houses and poor people

296
Q

what are the reservoir host of Trypanosoma cruzi?

A
  • dogs
  • cats
  • opossums
  • armadillos
  • wood rats
297
Q

How is one way that a person can give Trypanosoma cruzi to another person?

A

by blood transfusion

298
Q

what is the “ new HIV/AIDS of the americas”

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

299
Q

Why is Trypanosoma cruzi considered the new HIV/AIDS of the americas?

A
  • Chagas disease and HIV are health disparities
  • Both are chronic conditions
  • Require prolonged treatment
  • Treatment is expensive
300
Q

what is the vector for Leishmania donovani?

A

Sand fly (Phlebotomus spp.)

301
Q

Leishmania donovani life cycle

A

Sand fly (Phlebotomus sp.) are vectors for Leishmania donovani
Promastigotes injected in new vertebrate host with sand fly’s bite
Promastigotes transform into amastigotes and divide by binary fission
Escaping from dead macrophage, parasites are engulfed by other macrophages
Sand fly ingests amastigotes in blood meal
Transform into promastigotes in midgut of sand fly; block gut, enter buccal cavity
Promastigotes ready to be injected in new host with the sand fly’s bite

302
Q

what type of disease can you get from Leishmania donovani?

A

Kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis)

303
Q

what are the symptoms of Leishmania donovani?

A

Disease typically begins with low grade fever and malaise
- Destroys phagocytic cells (Kupffer cells, dendritic cells, microglia cells, etc.) of
reticuloendothelial (RE) system including spleen, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes,
intestine, and bone marrow
- Hypertrophy of liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly)
- Progressive wasting and anemia
*death in 2 to 3 years if untreated

304
Q

in what countries can you find Leishmania donovani?

A

India, Pakistan, Sumatra, Thailand and Africa

305
Q

How many dogs are infected with Leishmania donovani in countries around the Mediterranean?

A

2.5 million dogs

306
Q

how to prevalence for Leishmania donovani?

A

control of sand flies and reservoir host in most area

307
Q

who is at risk of fatal due to Leishmania donovani?

A

young children and infected are MOST FREQUENT to result as death

308
Q

what is the reservoir host of Leishmania donovani?

A

Dogs

309
Q

which parasite are Intracellular?

A

T. cruzi and L. donovani

310
Q

What is the intermediate host of Giardia lamblia?

A

none, because it has a direct life cycle.

311
Q

which parasite is cosmopolitan?

A

Giardia lamblia and trichomonas vaginalis

312
Q

what does cosmopolitan mean?

A

occurs everywhere in the world

313
Q

what is the environment condition for Giardia lamblia?

A

it needs a warm climate

314
Q

what is the infective stage of Giardia lamblia?

A

the cyst; found in HARD stool

315
Q

how do Giardia lamblia have and what is their physiology?

A

Dorsoventrally flattened; ventral surface has bilobed adhesive disk; two nuclei

316
Q

Where does Giardia lamblia lives in the humans? (organs)

A

Lives in the small intestine, with adhesive disk fitting over surface of epithelial cell

317
Q

what do Giardia lamblia trophozoites do in humans and where are they found?

A
  • Trophozoites divide by binary fission; found in LOOSE stool
  • When feces enter colon and dehydrate the parasite encysts
318
Q

what parasite is caused by Giardia lamblia, is it also fatal?

A

disease is known as giardiasis; typically not fatal

319
Q

Pathology of Giardia lambia?

A
  • Some cases asymptomatic (protective immunity)
  • May damage intestinal epithelium
  • Interferes with absorption of fats and other nutrients
  • Increase mucus production, diarrhea (sometimes incapacitating), dehydration,
    intestinal pain, flatulence, weight loss
  • Gallbladder may become infected causing jaundice and colic
320
Q

what are the reservoir host of Giardia lambia?

A

beavers
dogs
cats
sheep

321
Q

how to prevent having Giardia lambia?

A

depend high level of sanitation

322
Q

epidemiology of Giardia lambia

A

Giardiasis is highly contagious
children are especially susceptible
if one family member infected, other will also

323
Q

Which of the members of the family Trypanosomatidae have an intercellular existence in their definitive host?

a. Trypanosome brucei
b. Trypanosoma cruzi
c. Leishmania donovani
d. Giardia lamblia
e. All of the above

A

Which of the members of the family Trypanosomatidae have an intercellular existence in their definitive host?
a. Trypanosome brucei

324
Q

Phylum of Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Retortamonada (other flagellated protozoans)

325
Q

Where in the body can we find Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Found in reproductive tracts of both men and women

    • Lives in the vagina and urethra of women
    • Lives in the prostate, seminal vesicle, and urethra of men
326
Q

How is Trichomonas vaginalis transmitted?

A
  • primarily transmitted by sexual intercourse

- Infections can be contracted from soiled washcloths, towels, and clothing

327
Q

What type of life cycle does Trichomonas vaginalis has?

A

Cosmopolitan species;

Direct life cycle; has trophozoite stage, but no cyst stage

328
Q

What may affect the infection, in women, of Trichomonas vaginalis?

A
  • Acidity of normal vaginal (pH 4.0 to 4.5) discourages infection
  • Once established pH shifts towards alkalinity (pH 5 to 6), encourages growth
329
Q

Infection stage of Trichomonas vaginalis?

A

Trophozoite

330
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

Phatology

A

Most strains have low pathogenicity so person is asymptomatic

331
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

Phatology in men

A

Infection us usually asymptomatic, but may have irritating urethritis or prostatitis

332
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

Phatology in women

A
  • In several days there is degeneration of vaginal epithelium
  • Followed by leukocytic infiltration; secretion become abundant and white or greenish, and tissues become intensely inflamed
  • Some strains cause intense inflammation, itching, copious white discharge (leukorrhea), burning, and chaffing
333
Q 
8) Which of the following epidemiological factors is not associated with Giardia
lamblia?
a. cats 
b. infected family member 
c. dogs
d. publix drinking water
e. none of the above
A

8) Which of the following epidemiological factors is not associated with Giardia
lamblia?
d. publix drinking water

334
Q

32) Which life cycle stage of Giardia lamblia is infective for humans?
a. trophozoite
b. schizont
c. cyst
d. metacyclic trypomastigote
e. none of the above

A

32) Which life cycle stage of Giardia lamblia is infective for humans?
c. cyst

335
Q 
21) Which of the following epidemiological factors is not associated with Trichomonas
vaginalis?
a. sexual intercourse 
b. swimming pools 
c. soiled washcloths
d. used towels
e. all of the above
A

21) Which of the following epidemiological factors is not associated with Trichomonas
vaginalis?
b. swimming pools

336
Q

35) Which life cycle stage of Trichomonas vaginalis is infective for humans?
a. trophozoite
b. schizont
c. cyst
d. sporozoite
e. none of the above

A

35) Which life cycle stage of Trichomonas vaginalis is infective for humans?
a. trophozoite

Parasitology (5 decks)

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