Parasitology

Question 1

Parasitology diff from bacteria and virus

Answer 1

HAve nucleu and more complicated cellular structure (eukaryotes)

Single cells=protozoans
Multicellular =helminths
There’s no vaccine against parasitic infection (better immunoresponse)

Question 2

Major parasite infection

Answer 2

Helminth infections (multicellular)

Protozoan infection (single cellular)

Question 3

Helmonth infections

Answer 3

Soil transmitted
Insect transmitted
Snail transmitted

Question 4

Soil transmitted (helminths)

Answer 4

Human is the only host for these
Ascaris
Hookworm
Trichuris

Question 5

Ascaris

Answer 5

TRansmitted thru ingesting eggs
Lenght: 20cm
Lifespan: 1 year
Eggs/days: 200 000

Question 6

TRichuris

Answer 6

TRansmitted thry ingesting eggs
LEnght: 5cm
Lifespan: 2 year
Eggs/day: 5 000

Question 7

Hookwork

Answer 7

LArvae thru skin penetration
LEght: 15mm
Lifespan: 5 year
Eggs/day: 10 000
Live in intestine

Question 8

Soil transmitted infection info

Answer 8

1/3 popiulation=at risk

Adult worm can survive years in intestine and produce eggs (excreted with feces) but cant replicate

Major effect on children with malnutrition, growth steunting, and learning/cognitive defects

May supress immune response to other infections (Malaria Tuberculosis HIV)

LArgely neglected because affects poors and difficult to quantify effect on health cuz rarely kill ppl (50 000/ year) to know it someone in infected: stain on microscope

Question 9

Life cyce of ascaris

Answer 9

Adult worm small intestine=feces

Fertilized egg makes embryo(protective cover)

Small intestine then lungs then back to small

Question 10

Hookworm’s life cycle

Answer 10

Eggs in feces make rhabdtiform larva hatches

Amkes filaform larva and penetrates skin

Travels to body in lungs and back to small intestine

Question 11

STH treatements

Answer 11

It removes(paralize) adult worm in the intestine (not eggs)

Most common drugs are BEnzimidazoles and Ivermectin

Regular treatment (Age 5-12) reduces worm burden and increases health/cognitive development

Question 12

Insect transmitted (Helminth)

Answer 12

Lymphatic filariasis
Onchocerciasis

Question 13

Lymphatic Filariasis (elephatiasis)

Answer 13

Caused by Wuchereri a Bancroft
TRansmitted by mosquitos
Cause large legs

Question 14

Life cycle of Wuchereria

Answer 14

Mosquito takes a blood meal (larvae enter the skin)

Adult worms in lymphatics block flow of lymphatic fluid=go down… can’t go back up=swelling legs

Adults produce sheathed microfolariae that migrate into lymph and blood

Taken by mosquito

Microfilariae shed sheaths penetrates mosquito’s midgut and migrate to thoracic muscles (develop into larvae)
Migrate to heat and mosquito’S proboscis and repenetrate humans when mosquit o bites them

Question 15

Onchoceriasis

Answer 15

Riverblindness

Caused by onchocerca volvulus from blackflies

Microfilaria accumulate in eyes=blindness

Reverse correlation: Helminthine may reduce overall inflammation associated autoimmunity/allergy

Reduce inflammation would helo survival of helmonthin intestine

Question 16

Snail transmitted (Helmonth)

Answer 16

Schistosomiasis

Question 17

PRotozoan infection

Answer 17

Mainkiller=Malaria mosquito
Deadly: Teste fly and assasin bug (TRypanosomes)
Freshwater snail (schistosomes)

Insect transmitted:
Malaria
Leishmaniais
AFrican Trypanosomiasis
South American Trypanosomiasis

Question 18

MAlaria

Answer 18

Canada=lot of mosquitos but no transmission (winter=larvae dies)
Generally closer to equateur

Charles Laveran: cause=see parasite in blood

Ronal Ross: Transmission=see parasite in mosquito

Question 19

Life cycle of plasmodium (malaria)

Answer 19

Infections by mosquito…inject sporozoites

x100 in blood looking for liver

In liver: TRansform into merozoites and infect red blood celle by replication

When cell is infected, it stick to e/o=blockage=starvation of O2 in brain

Convert back to gametocytes and retransfer to mosquito

Question 20

AFrican Trypanosomiasis

Answer 20

TRansmitted by tsetse fly

Get into central nervous system so cause confusion and coma=could die

Trypanosome cruzi (S-A) vs Brucei (Africa)…diff in evolution..hypo came from dinosour (200M year)

Question 21

Trypanosome Brucei life cycle

Answer 21

Tsetse takes blood meal and ing=ject T. Brucei into bloodstream (multiply in blood by binary fission)…go in lymp, spinal fliud

Transform into an infectious stage and enters slaivary glands and multiplie….go back to insect

Question 22

Trypanosome cruzi life cycle

Answer 22

Can be exported cuz of long asymptomatic time (can feel normal 4 years)

Infection (doesnt replicate in blood like others), it ingects muscles and convert to amastigote

Burst the muscles open by accumulation and got to blood as trypomastigote that can transform bact to amastigote and repeat or…

REplicate a lot and causeintestine probl or weak heart…

Question 23

Leishmaniasis

Answer 23

2 form:
Visceral L.
Cutneous L.

Question 24

Visceral L

Answer 24

Deadly if not treated (50M/year)
Liver , spleem , bone marrow,
caused by Leishmania Donovani

TReatement with AMbiosome: Only disease that can be cured in a day-Jut let the ambisome flow for 2h in body =immunity

Question 25

Cutaneous L.

Answer 25

Not deadly, self healing but leaves scars
face, arms, legs,
CAused by Leishmania Major

Question 26

Leishmaniasis life cycle

Answer 26

Sandfly bite=release promastigote form that affect macrophage so no first immune defense to interfere and replicate in the macrophage=turn to amastigote…burst it open and go back to fly