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MIMM-211 final > Mycology #2 > Flashcards

Mycology #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Agriculture

A

White Npose syndrom: host: bats (mortality 5M/year)
No mass mortality in Europe cuz a mycovirus found in N-A Pd isolate
300 fruits and depends on bat
Insect ^p^control issue: we try to turn onto monoculture (perfect plant for more and less work)

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2
Q

Monoculture and fungal infections

A

Bana:

HErbs produces fruite without fertilization or sexual rep=no geneteic diveristy
Porgpagation of “gros Michel” planbts to Martinique by Fr. colon
Fusarium spread across the world=dead plant! Now= Fusarium oxysporum TR4

wheat over summer… infection tp barberry plants for winter
Insect on risk of extinction vecause relies on barberry so cant get rid of them
Check image

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3
Q

Mycorrhizal fungi (good fungi)

A

Mycorrhizae: Symbiotic relationship between plants and fungi
Symbiosis old of 450M years
Plants: 80% of all plants Fungi: Mainly Glomeromycotina (zygomycetous)

4 types of mycorrhizal interactions

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4
Q

4 types of mycorrhizal interactions

A

Arbuscular
Ectomycorrhizae
Orchid
Ericoid

Zone of echange between the plant and the fungus
Fungi improve water and mineral assimilation (N,P…)
Plants provide thge C to the fungi (Carbohydrate, lipids)

Soil qualit/immunity

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5
Q

Soil quality

A

Fungal secretion of glomalin (a hydrophobic glycoprotein)…
Improve:
soil structure-Carbon sequestration-Water flow and availabil-Bioderivsity-HEavy metal absorption

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6
Q

Immunity

A

Pathogen presence prevention
Stimnulation of the plant general health/metabolic activity
STimulation of the plant defenses (ISR-Induced systemic resistance)

Check pic

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7
Q

Noble Rot

A

AFter B. cinera, water go out and become dry
3grpe varietys:

SEmillion: main grapes used with thin skin grapes
Sauvigon blancL: Breing acidity to the wine
Muscadelle: GRapes with floral note easil infected by fungus

**Botrytis cinerea

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8
Q

Botrytis cinerea

A

infection weakens the skin of the grapes allowing for water ecaporation and sugar concentration

The savoir-faire: Hand pick harvest of the grape with noble rot (or any rot) with the correct matuuration degree

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9
Q

Chesse and fungi

A

CRirical for cheese maturation:
Proetolysis of dairy protein and lipids
SEcretion of flavorfull secondary metabolites

secual cycle of Penicilin: pic

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10
Q

MEdical

A

intoxications and infections

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11
Q

Intoxications

A

Lethal and Psychoactive and “Collateral”

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12
Q

LEthal intoxications

A

Angel death:
-2fungi in Qc
-Contains cyclopeptide toxins (amatoxins that binds and inhibiti RNA polym 2)
-Heat stable, unaffected by drying
-REsponsible for almost all death from mushroom poisonin (0.1mg/kg=lethal dose)

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13
Q

Psychoactive intoxications

A

MAgic muschroom
ERgot fungus

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14
Q

Magic mushroom

A

impact on muscled perceptions of emotions/objects
Psylocybin and Psylocin are produced by numerous fungi used by many ancient civilisations

Stoned age theory: Ingestion of mushrooms=our creativity
Agonist at cortical serotonin 5-HT receptor

Clinical trial to treat depression and PTsD (act on serotonin receptiors)

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15
Q

Ergot fungus

A

Host=Rye
Make lysergic acid
Ppl thought the convulsion=withcraft

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16
Q

“Collateral” intoxications

A

Scheele’s green bioremediation:

Schedles green (cupric arsenite)=arsenic

With fungi: Take O2 and realse gas (trimethylarsine_
GAs=Gosio’s disease-Breathing arsecinc: Napoleon dead

17
Q

Intoxications Health benefits(SEcondary metabolites)

A

Fungal 2nd metabolite=extremely diverse groupe of compound
Many exploited for commercial and medical applications
Minority remain major health economic concerns

18
Q

Infections

A

Superficial
invasive

19
Q

Supericial infections (most common infection and oftern begign-frequent in immuniocompetent)

A

Env. origin: Anthropophile, zoophile, or geophile
Ringworm
Dermatophytes
Candida albicans

20
Q

Ringowrm

A

easily treatable and tropical antifungal therapy

21
Q

DErmatophyte (tinea)

A

Feed on keratin (skin)

Tinea unguium (5-10% of pop. diff to eradicateé….3-6 months of ora antifungal… “nails”)

VS

Tinea Pedis (Commonest fungal infections of humans.. up to 70% of all tinea… topical antifungal… recurrence common… “feet” therapy for 10-14 days

22
Q

Candida albicans yeast

A

become true hyphae
Human cmmensal organism
Switch to virulence: oral truch (immunocompromised)-diapet dermatitis- vaginal candidasis or balanitis

23
Q

invasive infections (rare and lethal if untreated-mostly immunocompromised patients)

A

yeast: candidemia or basidiomycota

mold: Aspergillus or A. fumigatus

Dimorphic ungi (primary pulm. disease with assemination prominent part of disease)

24
Q

Candidemia

A

REach blood flow acess diff organ…
if untreated 20-50% moratlity
atay hospitalised for 2-8 weeks

25
Q

Basidiomycota

A

encapsulated yeast from enc (soil, eucalytus trees, bird dropping)

Acquired by breathing yeast or spores

immunocompromises/competent=at risk
Pulmanory often misdiagnosed (asymptomatic 25-50%)
PAtient need CSF puncture (cryptococcal miningitis)

TReatement 3 phases: infuction (1 week under amphoterecin B)
Consodlidation (High dose of fluconasole)
Matinentant (low dose of fluo… for a year)

cryptococcus gratti pneumonia and miningitis in inuumicompetent patients

26
Q

Mold

A

Majority oppotunistic agresssive destructove

ASpergillus: most common, incasisve pulmonary aspergillosis diseases

Ex: A. funmigatus (go in blood vessels and lunfs in immunocompormised ptients)

Check pic..
Conidiphore makes conidia is an asaexual spore we breath dozens per day and if we healthy it is eliminated by the innate immune sys and the mucocililary elevator

27
Q

Dimoprhic fungi

A

infect immunocompetnent ind
Geoigraphically restriceted in range
Classically dimorphic enc mycelium form VS infecting yeast form
Cutaneous secondary unfection=freqauent
Low mortality from Blastongong

Check pic

28
Q

Future…difficulty in findings antifungal

A

They r ekaryote so its hard to find antif. that wont harm us
WE focus then on 3 main diff: Cellwall made of chitin-cytoplasmic (ergosterol)

29
Q

Cell wall fungal

A

diverse polysaccharides struc based on chitin

Chitin is a limited amount of drug and stufy un fugi:

Echinocandins=cell all inhibitors …first line of defence against yeast invasive infection fungidical effect most

Fungistatic in mold (control the groove but no kin)

30
Q

ERgosterol

A

insure fungal plasmal membrane fluidity: polyene and azole

Polyene: ergosterol binder (ampiphatic):
Antifungal fold standards (broad spectrum act. and low fungal resistance)
Impo toxicity because Erg. cholesterol are similar mol. MAximal dose: 1mg/kg/day over 2 to 4h….new formulations in dev. and use

Azole: inhibiotr of ergosterol synthsis: synthetic family of mol containing Imidazol or Triazole gr… fungidical against invasive mold infections… fungistatic against yeast

31
Q

Fungi are creative and resislient (resustance methods)

check pic

A

Bioflims: Massive secretion of sugar to protect outside-increase the resistance to a drug by 1000 fold

Azole limitation (impo rate of resistance dev): affect anyone with these enzyme so if we use themin agr , they gonna be resistant will be useless for us

32
Q

New mol. are in preclinical and clnical stages… main concern:

A

Losing antifungal… more immunosupressed poeple (At risk)- T° are rising-New conditions

33
Q

3 priorities group of pathogens (critical high medium)

A

Critical: Andida auris (mysterious bug)

MEdium: Valley fever (Dimorphic fungi-Coccidioides imitis)

Rhodosporidiobolus fluvialis

34
Q

Candida auris (mysterious superbug)

A

Mysterious origin
They were here but for some reasons they started infecting (4 clased appearin 5 year)
Diveristy between clased (not some ancesotrs around the world)
hypothesis of what happened…. check pic

35
Q

Valley fever

A

LEthal
Symptoms: Pulmonary, dissemination to the skin, lymph nodes, bones, joing, CNS

AFfect 40% of pople inhaling spore (asymptomatic) 10x risk Afro American … 175% risk Filipino…. spread in low humidity and high T° (climate change increase range of infections)

Chekc pic

36
Q

Rhodoporidiobolus fluvialis

A

Previously undescribed rinvasive fungal pathogen
highly resistant to fluconazole and caspofungin
YEast to pseudohyphal transition enhance virulence

YEast to pseudohyphal transition enhance virulence
Mammalian body T° induce its mutagenesis allowing the mergence of hypervirulent metant favoring pseud. growth (Pan resistance)
Support the idea that global warming can promote the volutionof new fungal pathogens

37
Q

unexpected pathofens

A

Flood (mold) spores in the air

MIMM-211 final (7 decks)

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