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DTMH > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

What causes Amebieasis?

A

Entamoeba Histolytica

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2
Q

What type of parasite is Entamoeba Histolytica?

A

Protozoan

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3
Q

What is the infective stage of Amebiasis?

A

Cysts

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4
Q

Describe the main symptoms of Entamoeba?

A

Dysentry - amebic colitis
Severe/chronic infections may lead to further Cx including formation of amebic granulomas

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5
Q

Where does Entamoeba form accesses?

A

Liver

Lung/brain/skin/genitalia often observed

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6
Q

Diagnosis of Entamoeba?

A

Identification of cysts and trophozoites in the stool

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7
Q

What can Entamoeba histolytic mimic on Endoscopy?

A

IBD

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8
Q

What is the treatment for invasive Amoebiasis?

A

Metronidazole

Need Paromomycin to eradicate cysts

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9
Q

What is the causative organism of Giardiasis?

A

Giardia duodenalis - protozoan flagellate

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10
Q

What is the infective stage of Giardia?

A

Cysts

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11
Q

What are some features of Giardia cysts?

A

They are hardy and can survive several months in cold water

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12
Q

Does Giardia affect small or large bowel?

A

Small

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13
Q

How does Giardia multiply?

A

Longitiiudinal binary fission

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of Giardiasis?

A

Diarrhoea and abdominal pain
Bloating
Nausea and vomiting

Malapsortion and debilitation can occur in chronic infection

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15
Q

What is the main diagnosis method for Giardia?

A

Identification of cysts or trophozoites in the stool

There is a direct immunofluorescene assay

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16
Q

What is the treatment for Giardia?

A

Metronidazole

Other options - Albendazole, Nitanoxianide

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17
Q

What leads to failure of eradication of Giardia? (4)

A

Poor compliance with meds
Reinfection
Drug resistance
Underlying immunodeficiency

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18
Q

What is the infectious stage of Cryptosporidium?

A

Cysts

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18
Q

Method ot transmission of Cryptosporidium?

A

Drinking water contaminated with cysts

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19
Q

Who does Cryptosporidium most commonly infect?

A

Children

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20
Q

What is tricky about cryptospordium oocysts?

A

Thick walled OocystResistant to chlorination
Small enough to pass through filter
Can survive for years in cold water

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21
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Cryptosporidium?

A

Water diarrhoea

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22
Q

Most common cause of diarrhoea in children?

A

Rotavirus
Second - Cryptosporidium

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23
Q

What is the treatment of Cryptosporidium?

A

Nitazoxinide or Paromomycin

Azithro - less effective

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24
Q

Diagnosis method for Cryptosporidium?

A

Immunofuorescence microscopy

Or Immunofluorescence microscopy

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25
Q

What is the causative organism of Toxoplasmosis?

A

Toxoplasma Gondii

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26
Q

What is the definitive host for Toxoplasma Gondii?

A

Cats

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27
Q

How do humans become infected with Toxoplasma Gondii? (4)

A

Eating undercooked meat of animals with tissue cysts
Consuming food or water contaminated with cat faeces
Blood transfusion or organ transplantation
Transplacentally

28
Q

Where do the Toxoplasma Gondii cysts go in humans?

A

Skeletal muscles
Myocardium
Brain
Eyes

29
Q

How do you diagnose Toxoplasmosis Gondii?

A

Serology

Can observe tissues cysts in biopsy

30
Q

What is the clinical syndrome for Toxoplasmosis Gondii in immunocopenent person?

A

Usually asymptomatic

10-20% will develop cervical lymphadenopathy and/or a flu like illness

31
Q

What is the Toxoplasmosis Gondii presentation in AIDs?

A

Toxoplasmic encephalitis - intra-cerebral mass lesions

Largely thought to be reactivation of chronic disease

32
Q

What is the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii?

A

Pretty high
15% ???
Higher in Central America (stray cats) and France (raw meat)

33
Q

What eye condition is associated with HIV immumocmpromised patients with Toxoplasmosis Gondii?

A

Retinochoroiditis

Unilateral decrease in visual acuity

34
Q

Congenital Toxo

A

Many infants with subclinical infection at birth will develop signs or symptoms of congenital toxoplasmosis - occular toxoplasma infection can be asymptomatic til 20s-30s when lesions develop in the eye

35
Q

What is the epi/lifecycle of pinworm? (Enterobius vermicularis)

A

200mil infected worldwide, children, not related to socio economic status

Faecal oral transmission

36
Q

What are the clinical features of pin worm?

A

Asymptomatic
Perianal itch - restless sleep
Ectopic disease - can get vulvovaginitis and dysuria

37
Q

Diagnosis of Pin worm

A

Find eggs
Cellophane tape test (morning)

38
Q

Treatment for Pin worm?

A

Albendazole or metronidazole single dose

Repeat after 2 weeks

39
Q

Prevention of pin worm

A

Hand hygiene
Treat whole family

40
Q

What is the infectious stage of pinworm?

A

Eggs ingested by human

41
Q

What is epi and lifecycle of whipworm?

A

Whipworm - Trichuris Tritura

Tropics

Faecal - soil - oral
Ingest eggs –> larvae –> adult in GI tract and release eggs

42
Q

Clinical features of whip worm?

A

Asymptomatic
Mild infection - abdo distension
Heavy infection - dysentry, tenesmus, rectal prolapse

43
Q

Diagnosis whip worm

A

Faecal OCP
PCR

Enteroscopy and viewing adult worms

44
Q

Treatment whipworm

A

Albendazole or mebendazole 3 days

Ivermectin 3/7 increases cure rates

45
Q

What is Ascaris lumbricoides? Epi/lifecycle

A

Roundworm

Faecal - soil - oral
Eggs –> larvae in GI tract –> larvae to bloodstream ,mature in lungs –> oesophagus –> GI tract lay eggs

46
Q

Clinical features of Ascaris lumbricoides?

A

Asymptomatic
Lofflers syndrome
GI obstruction
Ectopic - liver, biliary –> sepsis

47
Q

Diagnosis of ascaris?

A

Faecal OCP
PCR
adult worms in stool

48
Q

Treatment for ascaris?

A

Albendazole/mebendazole single dose

49
Q

Hookworm (human) epi and lifecycle?

A

Faecal - soil - skin - larvae through skin to circulation –> lungs –> GI tract to adults and lay eggs

50
Q

Clinical symptoms of hook worm

A

Ground itch - rash
GI upset - anaemia/malnutrtion

51
Q

Diagnosis human hookworm

A

Faecal OCP
PCR

52
Q

Treatment human hook worm

A

single dose ablebdazole
mebendazole 3/7

53
Q

Prevention Hook worm

A

Wear shoes
Sanitation

54
Q

Animal hook worms

A

Humans accidental hosts
Worm burrows into subcutis - cannot penetrate further

Get cutaneous larva migrans 1-2cm a day

Does not need treatment but itchy - can give albendazole or ivermectin single dose

55
Q

What is epi/lifecyle for strongyloides?

A

Tropics/sub tropics
Faecal - oral- skin BUT can auto infect (complete life cycle in humans)

56
Q

What is the wide clinical range of strongyloides?

A

Larva currens
Urticaria
Lofflers
GI sx - pain/nausea/anaemia

Can get hyperinfection in reduced immune system (pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, death)

57
Q

Diagnosis of strongyloides

A

Clinical
Faecal OCP/PCR
Blood - eosinophilia, PCR, serology

Hyperinfection - larvae in sputum and tissues

58
Q

Treatment of strongyloides

A

Ivermectin 2 days

Hyperinfection - ivermectin and immunosupresion drugs

59
Q

Strongyloides and steroids

A

Can cause hyperinfection - high morbidity/mortality

60
Q

Hydatid disease is the result of

A

Larval stage of a small tapeworm of dogs/other canines

This is a zoonosis

Echinococcus granulosus

Think sheperd or farmer

61
Q

Infective stage E.granulosis

A

Embryonated egg

Humans are aberrant intermediate hosts

Oncospheres are realised into the intestine and hydatid cysts develop in a variety of organs

62
Q

Clinical features E.granulosis

A

70% in liver - symptoms caused by mass infect

If secondary bacterial infection present as bacterial abscess

If leakage/spill - can cause hypersenstivity reaction

63
Q

Investigations for hydatid cyst diseae

A

USS (MRI can be useful)
Serologu - antigen B most sensitive

64
Q

Management of hydatid cyst disease

A

PAIR (puncture, aspirate, inject, reaspriate)

With Albendazole pre (3m) /post (8/52)

Used to be surgery

65
Q

Prevention and control E.gransulosus

A

Strict dog measures

66
Q

What is secondary echonoccocus?

A

Liberated protoscolices may create secondary cysts

67
Q

Tunga penetrans

A

flea causing tungarisis

DTMH (15 decks)

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