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DTMH > AOB2 > Flashcards

AOB2 Flashcards

Mainly bacteria

1
Q

Anthrax causative organism

A

Bacillus anthrax
Gram +ve rod

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2
Q

Treatment antrhrax

A

Cirpo or penicillin or doxy

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3
Q

Prevention methods of Antrhax

A

Safe dipsosal of ill animals

spores can last for 50 years

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4
Q

Clinical manifestations of anthrax

A

Cutaneous 95%
GI
Resp

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5
Q

Flaviruses list

A

Yellow Fever
Dengue virus
Zika virus
West Nile virus
Japanese Encephalitis virus
Tick-Borne Encephalitis virus

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6
Q

Important Filoviruses

A

There are 5 but 2 we need to know

Ebolavirus
Marburgvirus

(Cuevavirus, Striavirus, and Thamnovirus)

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7
Q

Brucella bacterial cause

A

Gram negative cocobaccili - intracellular

Brucella melitensis

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8
Q

Treatment brucellosis

A

Doxy 6/12 + aminoglycoside for 1/52

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9
Q

Clinical course brucellosis

A

Slow insidious onset
Incubation can be 1-4 weeks
Can be subacute presentation

Osteoarticular syndrome and urogenital syndrome possible

Can have low grad meningoencephalitis

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10
Q

Diagnosis brucella

A

Difficult to blood culture (need to warn lab staff)
Tissue see non case sating granulomas
Standard and microscopic agglutination test

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11
Q

What type of bacteria is plague?

A

Yerssinia PErstis is a gram negative coccus bacillus

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12
Q

Where has there been recent plague outbreaks?

A

madagascar

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13
Q

Clinical course of the plague

A

Short incubation period 1-3 days

Aggressive disease

Bubo - swollen, tender, erythematous swollen regional lymph nodes

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14
Q

Antrax CXR

A

Widened mediastinum and pleural effusions

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15
Q

Pneumonic plague CXR

A

Looks like atypical pneumonia

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16
Q

Medicines for plague

A

Fuloroquinolones often first line

Cephalosporins not particularly effective

Can give prophylactic doxy

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17
Q

Explain pneumonic plague outbreak

A

Bubonic plague - ?haemotagenous spread to loung
Y pestis in resp droplets
Inhaled and infects someone who inhlaes droplets

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18
Q

Differentials for a massive spleen (5 important ones, 3 bonus)

A
  • Malaria or hyperreactive malaria splenomegaly
  • Portal hypertension, e.g. caused by schistosomia-
    sis, cirrhosis, etc.
  • Lymphoma, leukaemia, myelodysplasia
  • Haemoglobinopathies and hereditary haemolytic
    anaemias
  • Splenic hydatid cyst

Bonus 3
* Still’s disease
* Glycogen storage and other metabolic diseases
* Amyloidosis

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19
Q

Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy

A

Sulfadoxine Pyremethamine

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20
Q

Malarone

A

Ataquavone proguanil

Good but expensive

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21
Q

What neuro condition can zika precipitate?

A

Guillian Barre syndrome

22
Q

Mycemetoma

A

Chronic foot infection
Red grains - bacterial
Black grains - fungal
White grains - no clue

Abe or antifungal tx

23
Q

Drugs which can cause pellagra (b3 deficiency)

A

Isoniazid,
Chloramphenicol
Fluorouracil
Mercaptopurine.

24
Q

Systemic treatment options CL

A

Lip Amp B

Meglumine Antimonate

Milfetisone

25
Q

Snail genus schistosomiasis

A

varies depending on type - not going to learn

26
Q

Shistosoma intercalatum epi

A

DRC

27
Q

Asplenism organisms

A

polysaccharide-encapsulated bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and other Streptococcal species, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella.

28
Q

TORCH conditions

A

Toxoplasmosis
Other - syphilis, Hep B
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes symplex

29
Q

Rubella

A

Contagious viral infection transmitted by airborne droplets

Leading preventable cause of birth defects

Infection during pregnancy - miscarriage, fatal death or CRS

CRS - hearing, eye, heart and other lifelong disability

30
Q

What is the VHF with a vaccine?

A

Junin virus

31
Q

Severe features for dengue?

A

One or more of

1) plasma leakage that may lead to shock (dengue shock) and/or fluid accumulation, with or without respiratory distress
2) severe bleeding
3) severe organ impairment.

32
Q

Highest number of people with TB?

A

Highest burden is South Asia and SSA

Highest number - India because India is big

33
Q

TB in HIV

A

TB is commonly seen in conjunction with advanced HIV

This is due to mechanisms controlling latent TB fail due to low CD4 counts

Pulmonary TB is often more widespread and more prominent lymphadenopathy.

Cavities are less common as is the preference for UL disaease

34
Q

Organophosphate poisioning

A

Organophosphates block the action of acetylcholinesterase within the synapse, leading to accumulation of acetylcholine.

This causes miosis, confusion, diarrhoea and vomiting, profuse sweating, and salivation.

Organophosphates are effective insecticides, which are widely used by farmers in tropical areas. Poisoning is common, with up to 3,000,000 cases and 200,000 deaths each year. Sadly, organophosphate poisoning often heralds a suicide attempt. Opioids can also cause miosis, but they are difficult to source in most tropical settings.

Cocaine and belladona both cause mydriasis. Botulism usually manifests with rapid onset global paralysis, and mydriasis.

35
Q

Marasmus features

A

characterised by marked irritability; thin, flaccid, but intact skin; and a wasted, emaciated, wizened ‘old man’ appearance

36
Q

Kwashiorkor features

A

Lethargic and apathetic, with desquamating skin rashes and pitting oedema and abdominal distension (reflecting third spacing of fluid due to low oncotic pressure from hypoalbuminaemia).

37
Q

COCP and cancer

A

Increases risk of cervical and breast

Decreases endometrial and colorectal

38
Q

Congenital rubella syndrome

A

cataracts or congenital glaucoma,
congenital heart disease (most commonly patent ductus arteriosus or peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis),
hearing impairment, OR
pigmentary retinopathy;

39
Q

Congenital syphilis

A

Saber shin
Interstitial keratitis
Saddle nose
Hutchingsons teeth

40
Q

What do all VHF viruses have in commmon?

A

VHF viruses are RNA viruses, enveloped by a fatty lipid coating.

41
Q

H.influenzae

A

This is a Gram negative rod which often colonises the upper respiratory tract.

There are six encapsulated serotypes of H. influenzae, of which serotype B is the most clinically significant. Hib is associated with (usually childhood onset) pneumonia, epiglottitis, meningitis and bacteraemia.

Asplenism is an important risk factor for the development of infections with encapsulated bacteria, which underscores the need for vaccination and lifelong penicillin prophylaxis for such patients.

The treatment of choice for upper and lower respiratory tract infections is usually co-amoxiclav; patients with meningitis respond well to ceftriaxone.

A highly effective conjugate vaccine has led to a significant reduction in clinically significant Hib infections in high-income settings.

42
Q

Disability definitions

A

Handicap - a disadvantage for a given individual that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is normal.

Disability - Impairment in a person’s body structure or function, or mental functioning

Impairment: Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function

43
Q

Calculating maternal mortality rate

A

(Number of maternal deaths / Number of live births) X 100,000

44
Q

Zika virus epi

A

Central and south america - aedes is vector

Can lead to GBS

Can lead to microcephaly in neonates

45
Q

MADM (malnutrition associated diabetes mellitus)

A

MADMis poorly understood

Acute presentations can be differetitated from DKA with a lack of ketosis

46
Q

Leptospirosis when and where

A

In the acute phase of illness, leptospires are present in the blood (septicemia) for approximately the first 4–6 days of illness.

Leptospires may be shed intermittently in the urine after approximately the first week of illness onset.

47
Q

How does PF cause severe disease

A

PF expresses receptors on RBC surface which cyoadhere to other RBCs and endothelial lining causing sequestration of large number of mature parasite into deep tissues.

48
Q

JE testing

A

CSF JE-specific IgM.

This highly sensitive and specific test typically becomes positive 10d into illness, so repeated convalescent samples are often needed. This expensive test is out of reach for most people living in hyperendemic settings – diagnosis is often made on typical clinical syndrome in at-risk areas, following exclusion of other CNS pathogens on CSF analysis

49
Q

Gram staining

A

Fix
Crystal violet
Iodine
Decolorisation
Counter stain - Safrinin

50
Q
A

DTMH (15 decks)

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