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MED4 MIC > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

Compare 2 forms of protozoa

A

Trophozoite: motile
Cyst: non-motile, infectious

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2
Q

Diagnosis for intestinal protozoa

A

stool microscopy for cysts / trophozoites

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3
Q

Diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica

A

Stool microscopy:
- trophozoite with ingestion of red cells (active)
- cysts / trophozoite without internalized red cells (carrier)
Blood: Serology
Liver abscess aspirate: PCR
Imaging

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4
Q

Treatment for Entamoeba histolytica

A

Paromomycin + Metronidazole / Tinidazole

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5
Q

Microscopy showing trophozoite with internalised red cells. Which pathogen?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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6
Q

Intestinal protozoa with flagella, in falling leaf movement under microscope

A

Giardia lamblia

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7
Q

Which pathogen gives diarrhoea with greasy stool with horrific odour?

A

Giardia lamblia

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8
Q

Treatment for Giardia lamblia

A

Metronidazole / Tinidazole

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8
Q

Pathogen that gives chronic diarrhoea in uncontrolled AIDS patients

A

Cryptosporidium spp.

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9
Q

Diagnosis for Cryptosporidium spp.

A

Stool microscopy (with acid-fast stain)

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10
Q

Treatment for Cryptosporidium

A

Nitazoxanide

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11
Q

Pear-shaped trophozoite, no cyst stage

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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12
Q

Protozoa with flagella, with jerking or twitching movement

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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13
Q

Treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Metronidazole / Tinidazole

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14
Q

Plasmodium spp. with
(a) irregular fever
(b) tertian fever (how many hour interval?)
(c) quartan fever (how many hour interval?)
(d) non-human infection
(e) severe manifestations
(f) continual reproduction in liver

A

(a) P. falciparum
(b) P. vivax, P. ovale (48h)
(c) P. malariae (72h)
(d) P. knowlesi
(e) P. falciparum
(f) P. vivax, P. ovale

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15
Q

Life cycle of Plasmodium spp.

A

Sporozoites –> Schizont –> Merozoites –> Trophozoites

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16
Q

Ring form within red cells under microscope

A

Plasmodium spp.

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17
Q

Non-human host of Toxoplasma gondii

A

Cat

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18
Q

Triad for congenital infection of Toxoplasma gondii

A

chorioretinitis + hydrocephalus + intracranial calcification

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19
Q

Which pathogen is transmitted by kissing bug?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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20
Q

Pathogen for Chagas disease

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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21
Q

Pathogen for African sleeping disease

A

Trypanosoma brucei

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22
Q

Pathogen for Kala-azar

A

Leishmania spp.

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23
Q

List of protozoa (4+1+3)

A

Intestinal
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Giardia lamblia
- Cryptosporidium
- Microsporidia
Vaginal
- Trichomonas vaginalis
Blood & tissue
- Plasmodium
- Toxoplasma gondii
- Trypanosoma cruzi

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24
Q

Classification of Helminths

A

(A) Flukes (Trematodes)
(B) Tapeworms (Cestodes)
(C) Roundworms (Nematodes)

A&B are flatforms (Platyhelminths)

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25
Q

Body parts of tapeworms (2)

A

scolex
proglottids

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26
Q

Schistosoma spp. (3)
(Which is MC in HK?)

A

S. mansoni 曼森
S. japonicum (MC)
S. haematobium

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27
Q

Pathogenesis of Schitosoma

A

habitat: fresh water

penetrate through skin –> invade venous system –> larvae & eggs stimulate immune system

eggs deposited in liver / bladder –> granulomatous reaction

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28
Q

Pathogen for swimmer’s itch, Katayama fever

A

Schistosoma

29
Q

Diagnosis of Schistosoma infection (2)

A

Eggs in stool / urine
Rectal / renal biopsy

30
Q

Treatment for Schistosoma

A

Praziquantel

31
Q

MC parasite in HK

A

Clonorchis sinensis

32
Q

Transmission of Clonorchis sinensis

A

raw, undercooked freshwater fish

33
Q

Treatment for Clonorchis sinensis

A

Praziquantel, Albendazole

34
Q

Diagnosis of Clonorchis sinensis

A

Eggs in stool, duodenal aspirate
Imaging showing flukes in bile ducts / gallbladder

35
Q

Which pathogen is transmitted by ingestion of infected crustaceans?

A

Paragonimus westimani

36
Q

Which parasite mimics TB?

A

Paragonimus westimani
(bloody sputum)

37
Q

Diagnosis of Paragonimus westimani

A

eggs in stool / sputum

38
Q

Treatment for Paragonimus westimani

A

Praziquantel

39
Q

Which parasite is transmitted by ingestion of raw or undercooked pork? (How about beef?)

A

Taenia solium
(Taenia saginata)

40
Q

Pathogen for cysticercosis

A

Taenia solium

41
Q

Pathogenesis of cysticercosis

A

ingest eggs –> develop into larvae –> penetrate through intestine –> form cysticercus in organs

(in brain ==> neurocysticercosis)

42
Q

Diagnosis of taeniasis and cysticercosis

A

[taeniasis] eggs & proglottids in stool
[cysticercosis]
- brain scan
- radiological survey of skeletal muscles
- serology

43
Q

Treatment for taeniasis and cysticercosis

A

[taeniasis] Praziquantel
[cysticercosis] Albendazole, Praziquantel

44
Q

Compare 2 Echinococcus spp.

A

Echinococcus granulosus: solitary cyst
Echinococcus multilocularis: multiple cysts

45
Q

Pathogen for Hydatid disease

A

Echinococcus

46
Q

Treatment for hydatid disease

A

PAIR: percutaneous aspiration, injection of chemicals, re-aspiration

47
Q

Which parasites will migrate to alveoli and cause respiratory symptoms (e.g. cough)? (1+3)

A

Paragonimus westimani
Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworms, Strongyloides stercoralis

48
Q

Treatment for Ascaris lumbricoides (3)

A

Mebendazole, Albendazole, Pyrantel

49
Q

Hookworms (2)

A

Ancylostoma duodenale
Necator americanus

50
Q

Which parasite gives IDA (sucking blood) and intense itching and rash between the toes?

A

Hookworms

51
Q

Pathogen for hyperinfection syndrome (what is it?)

A

Strongyloides stercoralis
(repeated autoinfection under immunosuppression)

52
Q

Treatment for Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Ivermectin

53
Q

Pathogen for perianal itching (Diagnosis (3))

A

Enterobius vermicularis

Dx:
1. Scrotch tape test [morning]
2. Observe for adult worms by naked eyes in perianal area [night]
3. eggs in nails

54
Q

Treatment for Enterobius vermicularis

A

Mebendazole, Albendazole, Pyrantel

55
Q

Which intestinal parasite tends to migrate to cecum & ascending colon and cause abdominal pain?
(Diagnosis and Treatment)

A

Trichuris trichiura
Dx: eggs in stool
Tx: Mebendazole, Albendazole

56
Q

Which intestinal parasite migrates to skeletal muscles and causes muscular aches?
(Diagnosis (2) and Treatment)

A

Trichinella spiralis
Dx: encysted larvae in muscle biopsy, ↑ CPK
Tx: Mebendazole, Albendazole

57
Q

Which intestinal parasite is transmitted by ingestion of undercooked marine fish?

A

Anisakis

58
Q

Pathogens for elephantiasis (2) (what is it?)

A

Filariae
Chlamydia trachomatis serotype L1~L3

(lymphedema at lower legs & genitals, covered with thick, scaly skin)

59
Q

Filariae (3)

A

Wuchereria bancrofti , Brugia malayi, Brugia timori

60
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of filariae

A

Dx: microfilariae in blood smear
Tx: diethylcarbamazine

61
Q

Pathogen for lizard skin and river blindness

A

Onchocerca volvulus

62
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of Onchocerca volvulus

A

Dx: microfilariae in skin biopsies
Tx: Ivermectin

63
Q

Pathogen for cutaneous larval migrans / creeping eruption (2)

A

Ancylostoma braziliensis, Ancylostoma caninum

64
Q

Flukes (3)

A

Schistosoma
Clonorchis sinensis
Paragonimus westimani

65
Q

Tapeworms (4)

A

Taenia solium
Taenia saginata
Echinococcus
Spirometra

66
Q

Roundworms (7+4)

A

Intestinal
- Ascaris lumbricoides
- Hookworms
- Strongyloides stercoralis
- Enterobius vermicularis
- Trichuris trichiura
- Trichinella spiralis
- Anisakis

Blood & tissue
- Filariae
- Onchocerca volvulus
- Dirofilaria
- Ancylostoma

67
Q

Ectoparasites (4)

A

Sarcoptes scabiei
Pediculus humanus
Phthirus pubis
Myiasis

68
Q

Pathogen for burrows on skin (diagnosis)

A

Sarcoptes scabiei

Dx: skin scrape for mite, eggs

69
Q

Management for scabies

A

Contact precautions

Scabicide: Permethrin, Benzylbenzoate, Lindane

Disinfection:
machine wash of clothing & bedding with hot water cycle 60°C
disinfest in a closed plastic bag for a week

Contact tracing: treat household contact

70
Q

Treatment for body louse

A

Permethrin

71
Q

Treatment for Phthirus pubis

A

Permethrin

MED4 MIC (8 decks)

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