Bacteriology Flashcards
1
Q
Catalase positive
A
Staphylococcus
2
Q
Catalase negative
A
Streptococcus & others
3
Q
Coagulase positive
A
S. aureus
4
Q
Coagulase negative
A
CNSS
5
Q
Grouping method for Streptococci
A
Lancefield grouping
6
Q
Group A Strep.
A
Strep. pyogenes
7
Q
Group B Strep.
A
Strep. agalactiae
8
Q
Group D Strep.
A
Enterococci, Strep. bovis, Strep. suis
9
Q
Which haemolytic pattern do group A & B streptococci demonstrate?
A
beta hemolytic
10
Q
Which haemolytic pattern does Viridans Streptococci demonstrate?
A
alpha hemolytic
11
Q
Which haemolytic pattern does Streptococcus pneumoniae demonstrate?
A
alpha hemolytic
12
Q
Which haemolytic pattern does S. aureus demonstrate?
A
beta hemolytic
13
Q
Incubation period for S. aureus gastroenteritis
A
1~6 hours
14
Q
Abx for MSSA
A
Cloxacillin
15
Q
Abx for MRSA
A
IV vancomycin
16
Q
Abx for Staphylococcus saprophyticus
A
Penicillin
17
Q
Major symptoms of rheumatic fever in Jones criteria (6)
A
fever, pancarditis, migratory polyarthritis, chorea, subcutaneous nodules, erythema marginatum
18
Q
Which disease causes erythema marginatum?
A
Rheumatic fever
19
Q
Post-streptococcal diseases (2)
A
Rheumatic fever, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
20
Q
Which antibiotics do Enterococcus spp. resistant to? (2)
A
cephalosporins, vancomycin (emerging)
21
Q
Which Streptocci transmits disease by zoonosis and is thus notifiable?
A
Streptococcus suis
22
Q
Streptococcus that shows diplococci under microscope (2)
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus
23
Q
Transmission of Bacillus anthracis
A
cutaneous, pulmonary, GI
24
Q
Pathogen for woolsorter’s disease
A
Bacillus anthracis
25
Pathogen once as bioterrorism agent, being spores in envelope
Bacillus anthracis
26
Pathogen secreting 2 forms of enterotoxins (pathogen + 2 enterotoxins)
Bacillus cereus. Emetic form & diarrheal form
27
Pathogen for fried rice syndrome
Bacillus cereus
28
Spore-forming gram positive bacilli (2 genus)
Bacillus spp., Clostridium spp.
29
Non-spore-forming gram positive bacilli (3)
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Listeria monocytogenes, Actinomyces spp.
30
Bacteria that produces acid in vagina to inhibit other pathogens
Lactobacillus
31
Bacteria as probiotics to treat paediatric diarrhoea
Lactobacillus
32
Properties MacConkey plate is differentiating and the corresponding colour
lactose fermenter (red), others (yellow)
33
Lactose fermenters (3)
Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter
34
Agar for Escherichia coli O157:H7
Sorbital MacConkey agar
35
Name of XLD agar.
Properties XLD agar is differentiating and the corresponding colour.
Xylose lysine deoxycholate agar
Shigella (xylose non-fermenter, red), Salmonella (H2S producer, red with black spots), others (xylose fermenters, yellow)
36
Agar for Vibrio spp.
TCBS agar +/- alkaline peptone enhancement
37
Properties TCBS agar is differentiating and the corresponding colour
sucrose fermentation
Vibrio cholerae (yellow (F)), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (green (NF))
38
Kidney bean-shaped diplococci
Neisseria spp.
39
Which Neisseria is glucose fermenting only?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
40
Which Neisseria causes neonatal conjunctivitis?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
41
Agar for Neisseria species (2)
Chocolate agar, Thayer Martin agar
42
Which Neisseria is found in nasopharynx normally?
Neisseria meningitidis
43
Which Neisseria is both glucose and maltose fermenting?
Neisseria meningitidis
44
Which bacteria require rifampicin for close contacts as prophylaxis? (2)
Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae
45
Abx prophylaxis for close contact of Neisseria meningitidis
Rifampicin / ceftriaxone / ciprofloxacin
46
Strains of Neisseria meningitidis that are targeted by vaccination
A, C, Y, W135 (B for teens)
47
GN cocci shown as coccobacilli
Moraxella catarrhalis
48
Enterobacteriaceae (9)
Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Citrobacter, Proteus, Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia
49
Oxygen tolerance of Enterobacteriaceae
facultative anaerobes
50
Biochemistry of enterobacteriaceae (glucose, oxidase)
glucose fermenter, oxidase negative
51
3 antigens for enterobacteriaceae
O (component of LPS), K (capsule), H (flagella)
52
Pathogen as indicator of fecal contamination in water
Escherichia coli
53
Pathogen with watery capsule, giving mucoid colonies in culture
Klebsiella
54
Non-motile enterobacteriaceae
Klebsiella, Shigella
55
Pathogen showing clear orange colonies
Serratia
56
Pathogen fermenting citrate
Citrobacter
57
Pathogen swarming on agar surface
Proteus
58
GNR producing urease (3)
Proteus, Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella
59
Pathogen for staghorn stone / struvite stone
Proteus
60
Pathogen for bacillary dysentery
Shigella
61
Most pathogenic Shigella
Shigella dysenteriae
62
Least pathogenic Shigella
Shigella sonnei
63
Enterobacteriaceae that is a xylose non-fermenter
Shigella
64
Enterobacteriaceae that produces H2S (2)
Salmonella, Proteus
65
Pathogens for typhoid fever (2)
Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi
66
GN bacteria family that are in comma shape and halophilic
Vibrionaceae
67
Serogroups of Vibrio cholerae (3)
O1 classical, O1 El Tor, O139 Bengal
68
Leading cause of diarrhoea in Japan
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
69
Seagull shaped pathogen
Campylobacter jejuni
70
Pathogen best grown at 42 degree Celsius and is microaeropilic
Campylobacter jejuni
71
Pathogen giving "tear-drop" colonies in Skirrow medium
Campylobacter jejuni
72
Culture medium for Campylobacter jejuni
Skirrow medium
73
Microaerophilic GNR (2)
Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori
74
Pathogen producing pyoverdin and pyocyanin
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
75
Pathogen producing sweet grape-like scent
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
76
Coccobacillary GNB (3)
Moraxella catarrhalis, Acinetobacter baumannii, Haemophilus influenzae
77
Non-motile MDR GNR
Acinetobacter baumannii
78
Growth requirement of Haemophilus influenzae
X factor (haemin), V factor (NAD)
79
Culture methods for Haemophilus influenzae (2)
Chocolate agar, Satellitism (with S. aures)
80
Most virulent serotype of Haemophilus influenzae
b
81
Pathogen for pertussis
Bordetella pertussis
82
Agar for Bordetella pertussis
Bordet-Gengou agar
83
Pathogen commonly causing outbreak via air-conditioning systems
Legionella pneumophila
84
Agar for Legionella pneumophila
BCYE agar
85
Pathogen for plague
Yersinia pestis
86
3 types of plague
bubonic, septicaemic, pneumonic
87
Antigen in serology for Yersinia pestis
F1 antigen
88
Abx for Yersinia pestis
Streptomycin, Gentamicin, Doxycycline
(DGS)
89
Pathogen for undulant fever
Brucella spp.
90
Treatment for Brucella
doxycycline + rifampicin for 6 weeks
91
Pathogen in concern for cat or dog bite
Pasteurella multocida
92
Pathogen for cat scratch disease
Bartonella henselae
93
Agar for obligate anaerobes (2)
BHIA, blood agar with vitamin K1
94
Broth for obligate anaerobes
Thioglycolate broth
95
Pathogen with tennis racket / drumstick appearance
Clostridium tetani
96
Obligate anaerobe with terminal spores
Clostridium tetani
97
Toxin of Clostridium tetani and pathogensis
tetanospasmin. Retrograde axonal transport via motor neurons to CNS --> - inhibitory neurons
98
Pathogen for tetanus
Clostridium tetani
99
Obligate anaerobe with sub-terminal spores
Clostridium botulinum
100
Toxin of Clostridium botulinum and pathogenesis
Botulinum toxin. Irreversibly block ACh release at NMJ
101
Pathogen for food poisoning by preserved food
Clostridium botulinum
102
Pathogen showing double zone haemolysis
Clostridium perfringens (inner beta, outer alpha)
103
Pathogen for gas gangrene
Clostridium perfringens
104
Pathogen for wound infection showing crepitus
Clostridium perfringens
105
Pathogen for post-antibiotic pseudomembranous colitis
Clostridium difficile
106
Bacteria showing filamentous rods
Actinomyces israelii
107
Pathogen with molar tooth-like colonies
Actinomyces israelii
108
Pathogen giving sulphur granules as micro-colonies
Actinomyces israelii
109
Pathogen for genital infection associated with IUD
Actinomyces israelii
110
GPC being obligate anaerobe
Peptostreptococcus spp.
111
GNR family being obligate anaerobe
Bacteroidaceae
112
Which GNR family is found the most in GI tract?
Bacteroidaceae
113
GNC being obligate anaerobe
Veillonella spp.
114
Life cycle of Chlamydia
Elementary bodies (EB) taken up by cells --> differentiate into reticular bodies (RB) --> RBs divide and some reform into EBs --> EBs release
115
Which obligate intracellular parasite has tropism to columnar epithelium?
Chlamydia
116
Abx for Chlamydia
Doxycycline, azithromycin
117
MC bacterial cause of STD
Chlamydia trochomatis
118
3 serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis and their serotypes
Ocular serovar (A~C), Oculogenital serovar (D~K), LGV serovar (L1~3)
119
Pathogen for trochoma
Chlamydia trochomatis ocular serovar
120
Which disease does Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes L1~3 cause?
Lymphogranuloma venereum
121
Pathogen for atypical pneumonia transmitted from birds
Chlamydia psittaci
122
Pathogenesis of Rickettsia
infect endothelial cells of small blood vessels & capillaries --> vasculitis --> small haemorrhage / thrombi
123
Common presentations of Rickettsia diseases (3)
rash + fever + headache
124
Test for Ricketssia using Proteus antigens
Weil-Felix test
125
Weil-Felix test result for rocky mountain spotted fever
OX-2, OX-19
126
Weil-Felix test result for epidemic typhus or endemic typhus
OX-19
127
Weil-Felix test result for scrub typhus
OX-K
128
Serology test for Rickettsia
indirect immunofluorescence test
129
Abx for Rickettsia
doxycycline
130
Rickettsia epidemic in US
Rickettsia rickettsii
131
Pathogen for rocky mountain spotted fever
Rickettsia rickettsii
132
Which vector transmits Rickettsia rickettsii?
tick
133
Rash features of rocky mountain spotted fever
starting from wrists, ankles, soles & palms
134
Pathogen for epidemic typhus
Rickettsia prowazekii
135
Pathogen for Brill-Zinsser disease
Rickettsia prowazekii
136
Which vector transmits Rickettsia prowazekii?
louse
137
Rash features of epidemic typhus
starting from upper trunk, sparing soles & palms
138
Pathogen for endemic / murine typhus
Rickettsia typhi
139
Which vector transmits Rickettsia typhi?
flea
140
Rickettsia epidemic in Southeast Asia
Orientia tsutsugamushi
141
Which vector transmits Orienta tsutsugamushi?
larvae of mite
142
Pathogen for scrub typhus
Orientia tsutsugamushi
143
Pathogen for Q fever
Coxiella burnetii
144
Pathogen for atypical pneumonia caused by inhalation of aerosols of animal products
Coxiella burnetii
145
Pathogen for culture negative endocarditis
Coxiella burnetii
146
Treatment for Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis
Triple therapy -- Amoxicillin + Clarithromycin + PPI
147
Pathogen with filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA)
Bordetella pertussis
148
Pathogen with tracheal cytotoxin
Bordetella pertussis
149
Virulence factors for Vibrio cholerae (4)
1. H antigen (motile)
2. Mucinase (digesting mucous layer)
3. Fimbriae (for attachment)
4. Cholera toxin
150
Pathogen producing mucinase
Vibrio cholerae
151
Pathogen with M protein (function)
Streptococcus pyogenes
Inhibit complement activation to avoid phagocytosis
152
Pathogen with streptolysin O (function)
Streptococcus pyogenes
Destroy red and white cells
153
Pathogen with listeriolysin O (function)
Listeria monocytogenus
Escape from phagolysosomes of macrophages
154
Pathogen with Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL)
MRSA
155
Pathogen with elastase
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
156
Pathogen with pneumolysin
Streptococcus pneumoniae
157
Examples of bacteria with pili / fimbriae (4)
Neisseria spp., Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Bordetella pertussis...
158
Examples of pathogens with capsule (6)
(some killers have pretty nice capsules)
Strep. pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Neisseria meningitidis
Cryptococcus neoformans
159
Bacteria that can form endospore (2)
Bacillus, Clostridium
160
Bacteria that produce biofilm
S. epidermidis
161
Facultative intracellular parasites (6)
GP: Listeria monocytogenes,
GN: Salmonella typhi, Yersinia, Legionella, Brucella
Atypical: Mycobacterium
162
What does sorbitol MacConkey agar differentiate? (Colour)
Yellow: non-fermenter => EHEC
Red: fermenter => other E. coli
163
Antibiotics for Legionella pneumophila
Levofloxacin + Azithromycin
(L egionell A)
164
Treatment for Q fever (What if there is endocarditis?)
Doxycycline
[endocarditis] Doxycycline + Hydroxychloroquine for 18w
164
Diagnosis of Q fever
serology (IgG)
165
Which family of bacteria has an additional outer membrane (so is called "stealth" organisms) and has an endo-flagella / periplasmic flagella for movement?
Spirochetes
166
Pathogen for Lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
167
Pathogen for erythema chronicum migrans
Borrelia burgdorferi
168
Diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease
Serology (IgM)
Doxycycline, Amoxicillin
169
Which pathogen is commonly transmitted by urine of infected animals like rodents?
Leptospira interrogans
170
Which pathogen is participants of "adventure racing" and kayaking susceptible from?
Leptospira interrogans
171
Pathogen of Weil's disease (What is it?)
Leptospira interrogans
(icteric leptospirosis)
172
2 phases of leptospirosis
1. Acute / leptospiraemia phase
2. Immune / leptospiuric phase
173
Diagnosis and treatment of leptospirosis
Dx: Leptospiral microscopic agglutination test (LMAT)
Tx: Penicillin G, doxycycline
174
Prevention of leptospirosis (3)
vaccination of livestocks
↓ exposure
rodent control
175
Pathogen with "fried egg" colonies
Mycoplasma spp.
176
Which non-motile bacterial family has a cell wall with high lipid content?
Mycobacterium
177
Ziehl & Neelsen stain preparation procedure (5)
1. Heat fixation
2. Add carbol-fuchsin
3. Heat
4. Add acid-alcohol (dissolve other bacteria)
5. Add malachite green (counter stain)
178
Cultures for mycobacterium (time)
Solid: Lowenstein-Jensen medium
Liquid: broth
179
Transmission of leprosy (2)
respiratory, direct contact
180
Presentations of leprosy (2)
Lepromatous leprosy, Tuberculoid leprosy
181
Pathogen of leprosy
Mycobacterium leprae
182
Classificaiton of non-tuberculous mycobacterium (Name, 4 types)
Runyon classification
I. Photochromogens
II. Scotochromogens
III. Non-chromogens
IV: Rapid growers
183
Examples of rapid growers in mycobacteria (3)
M. fortuitum, M. abscessus, M. chelonae
184
Examples of slow growers in non-tuberculous mycobacteria (4)
M. avium complex, M. kansaii, M. marinum, M. ulcerans
185
Pathogen for fish tank granuloma
M. marinum
186
Pathogen for Buruli ulcer
M. ulcerans
187
Species of Brucella (3)
B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. suis
188
Pathogens transmitted by flea (2)
Yersinia pestis, Rickettsia typhi
189
Functions of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B
A: attract neutrophils and monocytes
B: degrade epithelial cells
190
Potential bioweapons (5)
anthrax, plaque, botulism, viral haemorrhagic fevers, tularemia 兔熱
191
Lancet-shaped diplococci
Streptococcus pneumoniae
192
Potassium tellurite agar / Albert stain
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
193
Antibiotics for Bacillus anthracis
Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline
194
How to differentiate between CNSS?
S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus
Novobiocin susceptibility: (S; R)
Mannitol fermentation: (-; +)
195
How to differentiate between beta-hemolytic Streptococcus?
Strep. pyogenes, Strep. agalactiae
Bacitracin susceptibility: (S; R)
196
How to differentiate between alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus?
Strep. pneumoniae, Strep. viridans
Optochin susceptibility: (S; R)
197
Which enterococcus spp. is resistant to both vancomycin and teicoplanin?
Enterococcus faecium
198
NTM that cause ulcers (4)
M. marinum, M. ulcerans, M. fortuitum, M. abscessus
199
NTM that cause pulmonary disease (3)
M. avium complex, M. kansasii, M. abscessus
200
NTM that cause disseminated disease in immunocompromised
M. chelonae
201
How to confirm Enterococcus?
Aesculin hydrolysis test (+ve: from brown to black)
202
Alternative of coagulase test
DNase test
203
Chinese character like on Gram stain
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
204
Special test for Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Elek test
205
Special test for Clostridium perfringens
Nagler test
