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ID > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

treatment for amebic (amebiasis) and flagellated (giardiasis, trichomoniasis) diseases

A

PO nitroimidazoles: metronidazole, tinidazole

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2
Q

nitroimidazoles MOA

A

nitroaryl compounds – reduce to nitro radical anions– react with O2–superoxide radical anions– reduced to H2O2– OH radical. considered reactive oxygen species and are implicated in damage to the parasite

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3
Q

treatment for intestinal nematodes (roundworm)

A

PO benzimidazoles: mebendazole, albendazole

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4
Q

benzimidazole MOA

A

bind to tubulin protein, preventing its polymerization to form the cytoskeleton of eukaryotes

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5
Q

treatment for blood nematodes (roundworm)

A

PO semisynthetic macrolide: ivermectin

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6
Q

ivermectin MOA

A

selectively/strongly binds to glutamate-gated chloride ion channels in invertebrate nerve/muscle cells– increase permeability of cell membrane to chloride– hyperpolarization– paralysis/death

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7
Q

treatment for cestodes (tapeworm)

A

PO isoquinolone derivative: praziquantal

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8
Q

praziquantal MOA

A

in human intestinal lumen: Ca redistribution in worm, leading to muscle contraction and paralysis. in blood: damages worm tegument, resulting in attack by human antibodies

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9
Q

what are the 4 protozoa

A

amoebae, flagellates, ciliates, sporozoa

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10
Q

defining characteristic of amoebae

A

“ameboid” appearance meaning it changes shape

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11
Q

defining characteristic of flagellates

A

have one or more whiplike flagella (flagellatus=whip)

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12
Q

defining characteristic of sporozoa

A

complex life cycle with alternating sexual and asexual reproductive phases

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13
Q

what are the 3 helminths

A

nematodes, cestodes, trematodes

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14
Q

nematodes are

A

roundworms

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15
Q

cestodes are

A

tapeworms

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16
Q

trematodes are

A

flatworms/flukes

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17
Q

defining characteristic of nematodes

A

large size, cylindrical form, unsegmented bodies

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18
Q

defining characteristics of cestodes

A

25-50 ft length, flat, ribbonlike. head is 4 muscular, cup-shaped sucking disks, crown of hooklets

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19
Q

what is an individual segment of a cestode called

A

proglottid

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20
Q

what is a chain of proglottids called

A

strobila

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21
Q

defining characteristics of trematodes

A

flat, fleshy, leaf-shaped/football-shaped worms with 2 muscular suckers

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22
Q

important note for life cycle of trematodes?

A

require intermediate hosts to complete their life cycle which are most commonly mollusks (snails, clams)

23
Q

important note for life cycle of cestodes?

A

definitive hosts are humans. intermediate hosts harbor larval forms. if humans become intermediate hosts then death is possible and great damage.

24
Q

where are parasites more likely to be, geographically

A

tropics and subtropics

25
Q

what info can you find about parasites at cdc.gov

A

life cycles, epidemiology, pathogenesis, prophylaxis, therapy

26
Q

what are some nomenclature clues

A

location (geographic), individual, source or vector, sign or symptom

27
Q

parasite modes of transmission

A

most commonly ingestion of contaminated food or water, insect bite, direct contact thru skin. respiratory droplet transmission is very uncommon

28
Q

why do you think we named protozoa meaning “first animal”

A

they are unicellular eukaryotes, display characteristics associated with animals: motility, heterotrophy

29
Q

what does heterotrophy mean

A

organisms incapable of food production, are food producers

30
Q

describe very generally the protozoan life cycle

A

cyst and trophozoite cycle.

31
Q

what type of personality is a cyst

A

SURVIVOR: vegetative, nonmotile, quiescent, resistant, infective

32
Q

what type of personality is a trophozoite

A

DESTROYER: active, motile, feeding

33
Q

how do amoebae replicate

A

binary fission (splitting the trophozoite), development of numerous trophozoites within the mature multinucleated cyst

34
Q

how do amoebae move

A

pseudopodia (false foot): protoplasmic flow, via extension of the pseudopod, extrusion of ectoplasm, and snail like movement

35
Q

when does the cyst form develop

A

drop of temperature or humidity

36
Q

respiration of amoebae?

A

facultative anaerobe

37
Q

how do amoebae get their nutrition

A

pinocytosis, phagocytosis

38
Q

what kind of relationship do amoebae have with their host

A

commensal/symbiotic relationship: one species benefits, other is neither harmed nor helped

39
Q

describe the general life cycle of helminths?

A

egg–> larvae–> adult male and adult female (cycle)

40
Q

how are nematode infections of the intestinal tract confirmed

A

identification of characteristic eggs in the feces

41
Q

how are blood roundworms characterized

A

they are infections transmitted by biting insects such as mosquitoes or flies. they produce filariae

42
Q

what are the larval forms of blood roundwarms called

A

microfilariae

43
Q

reproductive organs of cestodes?

A

hermaphroditic: male and female organs are present in each mature proglottid

44
Q

defining characteristics of cestode eggs

A

nonoperculated, contain hexacanth (6 hooked) embryo

45
Q

how do cestodes get nutrition?

A

lack a digestive system so absorb food from host intestine through the soft body wall of the worm

46
Q

the naming of a disease follows this: _____ “iasis”

A

genus-iasis

47
Q

cysts are associated with __

A

protozoa

48
Q

eggs are associated with ___

A

helminths

49
Q

proglottid and strobila are associated with ____

A

cestodes

50
Q

malaria is associated with ____

A

sporozoa

51
Q

filariae are associated with ____

A

nematodes

52
Q

the larval form of blood roundworms are called ____

A

microfilariae

53
Q

trichomoniasis is associated with _____

A

flagellates

ID (15 decks)

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