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enterobacterales Flashcards

1
Q

enterobacterales are gram ___ and what shape?

A

negative; short straight rods (bacilli)

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2
Q

which enterobacterales are lactose fermenting

A

klebsiella, e coli

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3
Q

types of typhoidal salmonella

A

S. typhi, S. paratyphi

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4
Q

what does typhoidal salmonella cause

A

enteric fever

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5
Q

where does typhoidal salmonella occur

A

developing countries

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6
Q

role of antibiotics with typhoidal salmonella

A

decrease mortality and morbidity

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7
Q

is there a carrier state with typhoidal salmonella

A

yes, for up to a year or more

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8
Q

what are the reservoirs for non-typhoidal salmonella

A

animal and human

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9
Q

where does non-typhoidal salmonella occur

A

developed and non developed countries

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10
Q

what does non-typhoidal salmonella cause

A

gastroenteritis (diarrhea)

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11
Q

role of antibiotics in non-typhoidal salmonella

A

may prolong carriage

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12
Q

is there a carrier state with non-typhoidal salmonella

A

uncommon

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13
Q

what are the types of non-typhoidal salmonella

A

S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium

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14
Q

what are the types of shigella

A

S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, S. sonnei

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15
Q

which shigella produces an exotoxin like shiga toxin

A

S. dysenteriae

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16
Q

which shigella is common in the US

A

S. sonnei

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17
Q

how can shigella be spread

A

fecal oral and person to person because it is easily transmissible due to a low inoculum

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18
Q

role of antibiotics in shigella

A

shorten fecal shedding

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19
Q

reservoirs for entero-associated e coli

A

human and animal

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20
Q

what is the strain of EHEC that causes HES

A

O157:H7 (STEC)

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21
Q

what are contraindications for EHEC, STEC

A

antimotility agents are contraindicated, antibiotics are controversial but generally avoid.

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22
Q

which e coli is infantile diarrhea

A

EPEC

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23
Q

Which e coli is main cause of travelers diarrhea

A

ETEC

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24
Q

what does uropathogenic e coli cause

A

most common cause of UTI. also bacteremia-sepsis and neonatal meningitis

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25
Q

types of klebsiella

A

K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca

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26
Q

klebsiella pneumoniae causes

A

community: CAP, UTI

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27
Q

klebsiella oxytoca causes

A

UTI

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28
Q

all klebsiella strains are resistant to

A

ampicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin (inherent)

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29
Q

types of proteus

A

mirabilis, vulgaris

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30
Q

what does proteus do

A

hydrolyzes urea to form kidney stones, associated with UTIs

31
Q

proteus has inherent resistance to

A

nitrofurantoin and tetracyclines

32
Q

serogroups of vibrio cholerae

33
Q

shape, type of bacteria is vibrio

A

gram (-) curved rod shaped like a comma, facultative anaerobe

34
Q

vibrio cholerae produces

A

exotoxin (cholera toxin, endotoxin)

35
Q

all vibrio require __ for growth

36
Q

how is vibrio cholerae transmitted

A

fecal-oral, requires large inoculum

37
Q

vibrio cholerae reservoirs

A

animal, water

38
Q

what does vibrio cholerae cause

A

watery, rice water diarrhea, can be fatal in 24 hours, massive fluid loss (cholera cot)

39
Q

what is vibrio parahaemolyticus associated with

A

contaminated raw shellfish, seafood-associated gastroenteritis

40
Q

which straight rods/bacilli are facultative anaerobes

A

enterobacterales fam: e. coli, klebsiella, proteus, salmonella, shigella

41
Q

which straight rods/bacilli are aerobes

A

legionella pneumophilia

42
Q

which straight rods/bacilli are anaerobes

A

fusobacterium, prevotella, bacteroides

43
Q

which rods/bacilli are curved

A

vibrio, campylobacter

44
Q

which aerobic diplococci are spherical

A

neisseriae family

45
Q

which pleomorphic cocco bacilli are aerobes

A

bordetella, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis

46
Q

what is a helical/spherical bacteria

A

helicobacter pylori

47
Q

salmonella is oxidase ____

48
Q

what are the 2 main salmonella species

A

bongori, enterica

49
Q

what is the common salmonella species

50
Q

Salmonella typhi, paratyphi, enteritidis, and typhimurium are the ____

A

SEROTYPES/serovars

51
Q

what does the kauffman white classification differentiate

A

isolates of a given serotype by determining the major antigens: important for tracking outbreaks to their source

52
Q

what is the O antigen

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

53
Q

what is the H antigen

54
Q

what is the Vi antigen/K antigen

A

bacterial capsule

55
Q

what is the reservoir for typhoidal salmonella

A

only humans

56
Q

how is typhoidal salmonella acquired

A

ingestion of fecally contaminated food/water

57
Q

how can non-typhoidal salmonella be transmitted

A

uncooked/undercooked poultry and eggs, pet reptiles, contaminated marijuana, fecal-oral

58
Q

shigella is oxidase ____

59
Q

shigella disease and reservoir is limited to ____

60
Q

how does shigella invade

A

cross mucosa via M cells, use invasins to enter epithelial cells,move thru host cell and spread to adjacent host cells via actin based motility

61
Q

does e coli ferment lactose

62
Q

which e coli groups are small intestine

A

EAEC, EPEC, ETEC

63
Q

which e coli groups are large intestine/colon

A

EHEC, EIEC

64
Q

what is the pathogenesis of EAEC

A

adheres to intestinal cells (Stacked bricks), produce mucus and biofilm, cytotoxin damages intestines

65
Q

what is the major etiologic agent of hemorrhagic colitis and HUS

A

O157:H7 (STEC)

66
Q

STEC is also known as

A

VTEC (verocytoxin EC)

67
Q

what is HUS

A

hemolytic uremic syndrome: a triad of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, acute renal failure

68
Q

what is EIEC related to

A

Shigella: causes shigella like dysentery; invades and destroys colonic epithelium

69
Q

what causes outbreaks of ETEC

A

food/water contamination: a high inoculum is required, so no person to person spread

70
Q

what do klebsiella produce

A

highly mucoid colonies due to luxuriant polysaccharide capsule

71
Q

which bacteria swarm over a moist agar plate

72
Q

proteus have ____ that aid in colonizing the urinary tract

A

fimbriae/pili

73
Q

what are the parts of a gram (-) cell wall

A

outer membrane, periplasmic space containing a thin peptidoglycan layer, cytoplasmic membrane, pili/fimbriae and flagella structures

74
Q

ESBL is most prevalent in which organisms

A

e coli, klebsiella (pneumoniae and oxytoca), proteus mirabilis

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