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PMVPH > Parasitism > Flashcards

Parasitism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four important internal parasites in grazing animals?

A

Nematodes
Liver fluke
Lungworm
Coccidia

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2
Q

What is the pre-patent period of a nematode?

A

21 days

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3
Q

Where do nematode larvae develop best?

A

Late summer/autumn

When warm and moist

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4
Q

What can nematode larvae survive?

A

Freezing

Not desiccation

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5
Q

What can affect husbandry in practices within the UK especially?

A

Changing weather patterns

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6
Q

Where are liver fluke eggs shed?

A

In faeces

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7
Q

Where does liver fluke have an intermediary stage of its life cycle?

A

In snails

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8
Q

How does liver fluke reenter the animal?

A

Metacercaria on vegetation gets eaten

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9
Q

When do we get acute signs of fluke?

A

Lots of immature flukes in the liver

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10
Q

Where is most of the nematode population?

A

Mostly on herbage

95% of larvae live in bottom inch

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11
Q

What percentage of animals pass the majority of the nematode eggs?

A

Small percentage - 20%

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12
Q

What is targeted collective treatment?

A

Treat the 20% of animals that are infecting the pasture rather than the whole herd

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13
Q

What is the succession of worm species in sheep?

A 
Nematodirus battus
Ostertagia
Haemonchus
Trichostrongylus
Fluke
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14
Q

What can cause sudden death of lambs in spring?

A

Nematodirus battus

Become sensitized to cold weather and hatch as soon as it becomes warmer

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15
Q

What does haemonchus look like?

A

Barber pole - ingest blood

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16
Q

When does fluke begin to kick in?

A

End of grazing period

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17
Q

Why are GI parasites a problem for farmers?

A

Cause production loss

Costs in controlling outbreaks

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18
Q

What are the three types of worm you can find in the abomasum?

A

Haemonchus
Ostertagia
Trichostrongylus

19
Q

What is the equivalent parasite to Ostertagia in sheep?

A

Teladorsagia

20
Q

What are the clinical signs of nematode infection?

A

Diarrhoea
Weight loss
Death

21
Q

What is the main sub-clinical sign of nematode infection?

A

Reduced weight gain

Less than Optimal Productivity

22
Q

How do nematodes cause weight loss?

A 
Reduced appetite - eat less dry matter
Change in gut structure/function
Immune and inflammatory responses
Malabsorption
Energy cost of immune response
23
Q

What are four causes of protein loss in parasitic gastroenteritis?

A

Increased secretion of mucous and IgA
Increased mucosal permeability allowing leakage
Increased cell turnover in mucosa
Local antigen/antibody reaction in gut

24
Q

What may sub-clinical production losses arise from?

A

Continuous low-level exposure of susceptible animals to infectious helminth larvae

25
Q

What can haemonchus cause?

A

Anaemia

26
Q

What is a FAMACHA test?

A

Colour chart held up alongside eye to determine anaemia status

27
Q

What is seen with chronic liver fluke?

A

Blood and protein loss
Hyperplasia of bile ducts
Poor productivity

28
Q

What are the harmful effects of parasites in growing animals?

A

Reduced weight gain
Poorer feed conversion ratio
Anaemia
Death

29
Q

What are the harmful effects of parasites in adult animals?

A

Weight loss
Poor BCS
Decreased reproductive performance
Decreased milk/wool production and performance

30
Q

What are the four situations where there isn’t a good immunity in adults?

A

Goats
Immuno-compromised
Ewes after lambing (post parturient relaxation in immunity)
Liver fluke

31
Q

What animals are present and what is the weather like in spring?

A

New crop of young animals

Weather warming up and moist

32
Q

What are the two sources of parasites on pasture in the spring?

A

Over wintered - major source

From adults

33
Q

What are the two main parasite threats in spring?

A

N. battus

Type 2 osteragia

34
Q

What occurs in summer in regards to parasites?

A

Larval numbers increase

Liver fluke eggs begin to hatch

35
Q

What is the main parasite threat in the summer?

A

Nematodes

Telodorsagia in lambs/goats

36
Q

What are sub-clinical effects usually seen in the summer?

A

PGE

Bovine ostertagiosis

37
Q

What season does the peak in pasture larva level?

A

Autumn

38
Q

What is the main parasite threat in autumn?

A

Trichostrongylus

39
Q

When is larval development halted?

A

Winter

40
Q

What three things interact to bring about disease?

A

Host
Environment
Parasite

41
Q

What is the main objective of control of endoparasites?

A

Limit exposure of susceptible animals to large numbers of larvae

42
Q

What is the auto-infection peak?

A

Animals are being contaminated with larvae that they passed themselves

43
Q

What do we use to break parasites life-cycle?

A

Anthelmintics

44
Q

What is a pretty safe pasture?

A

Pasture used after the hay/silage has been cut
Graze with animals that don’t carry parasites
Long grass to dilute effect

PMVPH (8 decks)

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