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PMVPH > Metabolic Problems - Farm animals > Flashcards

Metabolic Problems - Farm animals Flashcards

1
Q

What 5 things affect the productivity of animals?

A

Genetic factorsFeeding - DietEnvironmentManagementDisease

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2
Q

What acts as a buffer for rumen pH?

A

Saliva - produced by chewing and ruminating

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3
Q

What is needed in a ruminant diet?

A

Fibre - cut 2-4cm

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4
Q

What is essential for cows when chewing?

A

Comfort - most chewing done when lying down

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5
Q

What three things are required in a cow diet?

A

EnergyProteinMinerals

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6
Q

How much trough space should be allowed per cow?

A

At least 60cm

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7
Q

How is the amount cows are actually eating measured?

A

Dry Matter basis - must know content of all feeds in the diet

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8
Q

How can the dry matter intake for cows be calculated?

A

(0.025*body weight)+(0.1*milk yield)

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9
Q

How can silage be spoiled?

A

Anaerobic - air enters causing secondary fermentation and moulds can produce mycotoxins

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10
Q

What are some problems that should be looked for when assessing dairy cow feeding?

A

Insufficient feeding spaceRough edges of troughs, rails etc.Extremes of hot, cold, rain, light etc.Slippery floorsSelf feeding from silage faceVery tight packed silageElectric fences

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11
Q

What can clover rich pastures cause in cows?

A

Bloat - magnesium deficiency

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12
Q

What can be fed before turning out to grass each day to supplement grazing?

A

Buffer feed - silage, hay or TMR to supplement grass to prevent over eating of hungry cows

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13
Q

How should you observe cow comfort?

A

Undisturbed in straw yards or cubicles

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14
Q

What percent of cows should be lying and ruminating?

A

60%

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15
Q

What percent of cows should be lying down 1 hour before feeding?

A

85%

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16
Q

What would cause milk fat to drop significantly?

A

If concentrates:forage ratio is greater than 60:40

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17
Q

What can spring grass be low in?

A

Fibre

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18
Q

What percent should milk fat be at?

A

4.20%

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19
Q

What may low bulk milk fat indicate?

A

SARA

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20
Q

What percent should milk protein be?

A

3.40%

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21
Q

When does milk protein drop?

A

After period of inadequate energy intake

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22
Q

What should be done to investigate feed?

A

Look at itSmell itHandle itAsk about it (more than one person)

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23
Q

What are the 5 scoring levels for dung?

A

1 - loose and watery2 - custard and splatters far3 - ideal - slow hand clap that doesn’t stick to boots4 - thick and heavy forming a stack that sticks to boots5 - stiff dung where boot leaves impression

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24
Q

What is the critical time to check dry cows?

A

6 weeks either side of calving - poor DMI will lead to metabolic disease, poor milk production and poor fertility

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25
Q

What should remain constant in the dry cow?

A

Body condition score - dry off in the same condition that the cow should calve at

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26
Q

What make fatty liver and other metabolic problems more likely in dry cows?

A

Trying to lose weight causing excessive fat mobilisation

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27
Q

Describe assessing the metabolic profile in dairy cows

A

Planned regular blood tests that look at a number of metabolitesNeeds to be done on a regular, planned basisSample about 4 times a year at crucial times

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28
Q

Which cows should not be included in the metabolic profiling of cows?

A

Sick, unhealthy or poor production cows

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29
Q

What are some common errors with sampling cows for metabolic profiles?

A

Cows sampled calved more than 20 daysFailure to include some lactation 1 cows in each groupSampling immediately after a major management changeIncluding problem or poor cows

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30
Q

What is used to measure feed intake of production animals?

A

Wet weight or dry matter per unit of metabolic weight

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31
Q

Why is it impotant to measure feed intake of production animals?

A

Maximise intake for productionOptimise intake for economicsBalance intake and expenditure for weight controlReduce or minimise intake for weight lossAlso a guide to health/behaviour

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32
Q

Which volatile fatty acid is a problem with poorly fermented feeds?

A

Butyrate

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33
Q

Which two volatile fatty acids can cause depression of food intake?

A

Acetate and propionate

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34
Q

What are some examples of factors that decrease voluntary feed intake?

A

Body fatPregnancyInert fillDiet neutral detergent fibre

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35
Q

What effect does water drunk with dry food have on voluntary feed intake?

A

Little effect - water in material can have a significant effect

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36
Q

How can the water within plant material affect the feed intake of animals?

A

Contains soluble fibre or non-starch polysaccharides - these slow down passage of feed through the intestine

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37
Q

What is the nutritional value of feed dependent on?

A

Rate of feeding

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38
Q

Describe inert fill

A

Filling the rumen with an inert object to reduce intakeIntake drops and flow rate increases but not enough to match intake drop - feed is not fermented to the same degree

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39
Q

What is the main factor that affects rumen outflow rate?

A

Particle size reaching the omasum

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40
Q

What affects the particle size of food reaching omasum?

A

Ease of feed breakdown by chewing and fermentation

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41
Q

What disturbs the outflow rate from the rumen?

A

Ruminal acidosis

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42
Q

Describe the glucostatic theory of post digestive feedback

A

Glucoreceptors in CNS sensitive to rate of glucose useLow glucose use excite neural activity leading to hunger and food intake, high use has the opposite effectPeripheral arterio-venous glucose differences are an index of use rates by receptors in CNS

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43
Q

What is the main source of glucose in farm animals?

A

Hepatic gluconeogenesis from amino acids and propionic acid

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44
Q

What level is ruminant plasma glucose concentration compared to non-ruminants?

A

One half

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45
Q

How sensitive is the ruminant CNS to changes in blood glucose?

A

Not very - insensitive

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46
Q

What is the hepatic oxidation theory of post digestive feedback?

A

ATP levels in the liver detemine vagal stimulation with low levels stimulating hunger centre

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47
Q

What are the three sources for ATP in the liver?

A

Volatile fatty acidsBeta-hydroxybutyric acidNon-essential fatty acids

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48
Q

Describe the thermostatic theory of post digestive feedback

A

Animals eat to maintain body temperature but not good in ruminants as rumen is exothermicMost animals eat to avoid hypothermiaPoultry the relationship between intake and maintenance of body temperature is good

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49
Q

Describe the lipostatic theory of post digestive feedback

A

Control of mammalian energy balance, body weight and composition involves a hypothalamic feedback loopBody fat reserves modulate food intake and energy expenditure with the greater the fat store the lower the appetiteLeptin is produced by fat tissue with the more fat the more leptin and has negative effects on feed intakes

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50
Q

What is the cow’s metabolism completely devoted to?

A

Support of mammary metabolism

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51
Q

What does the energy deficit of cows cause a reduction in?

A

Plasma leptin

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52
Q

How could a reduction in leptin benefit early lactating dairy cows?

A

Promotes a faster increase in feed intake and diverts energy from non-vital functions such as reproduction

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53
Q

Give some examples of what the amount animals eats depends on

A

WeightAgeGrowth rateHealthEnvironmentNon production activityStressPalatabilityFood typeWaterAvailability

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54
Q

What is the dry matter intake of a dairy cow calculated as?

A

2.5% of body weight + 10% of milk yield

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55
Q

What is a good estimate of the DMI for most adult animals?

A

2% of body weight

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56
Q

What are the two sources of energy in forages?

A

Cell contents - sugars,starches, proteins etc. >90% digestible and rapidly availableCell walls - cellulose, lignin hemicellulose etc. - 40-70% digestible and more slowly available

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57
Q

Which part of the forage is neutral detergent fibre part of?

A

Cell walls

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58
Q

What is neutral detergent fiber most useful in?

A

Balancing rumen-healthy rations and predicting how much forage a cow can consume

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59
Q

What is the best single measure of forage quality?

A

Neutral detergent fibre

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60
Q

What is the acid detergent fibre value used for?

A

Predicting the energy content of forages as it is inversely related to digestiblity

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61
Q

What is the maintenance feed intake for a dairy cow?

A

65MJ for a 650kg Holstein

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62
Q

What is the feed intake requirement for milk production?

A

5MJ/litre

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63
Q

What are the pregnancy requirements for feed intake?

A

40MJ required at term

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64
Q

What do tannins lead to if eaten in large quantities by a ruminant?

A

Precipitating the enzymes secreted by microbial bacteria and reduce fermentation in the rumen thus reducing DMI

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65
Q

Describe the actions of protease inhibitors in ruminants

A

Inhibit activity of trypsin, chemotropism and other proteasesFound in beans and peas but also in cereals, potatoes and other productsPresence results in impaired growth and poor food utilization longer transit times and lower intake

66
Q

What do lectins/humagglutinins result in?

A

Poor food utilization and impaired growth

67
Q

What effects have been demonstrated by glucosinolates?

A

Thyroid function effects

68
Q

What are glucosinolates found in?

A

Cabbage and related species especially oilseed rape

69
Q

What is the relationship between silage quality and pH?

A

Positive at low pHNegative at high pH

70
Q

What is pica?

A

Depraved appetite

71
Q

What does pica include?

A

Persistent licking, chewing or eating of wood, soil, rags, bones etc.

72
Q

Which type of cattle is pica mainly a problem in?

A

Outdoor cattle

73
Q

What may sporadic cases of pica indicate?

A

Primary or secondary brain disorderToxicityMetabolic disease

74
Q

Why may herd outbreaks of pica arise?

A

ParasitismMineral deficiencyUnder nutrition

75
Q

Which cows does slurry drinking occur in?

A

Herd problem in calved cows wintered indoors or in yards

76
Q

Why is slurry/urine drinking undesirable?

A

Can spread infectious agents

77
Q

What are some suggested causes of slurry/urine drinking?

A

Metabolic disorders associated with high milk yield and low roughage intakeSubclinical ketosisSubclinical acidosisMineral deficiency

78
Q

When does magnesium deficiency arise in ruminants?

A

High demand is combined with decreased intake

79
Q

How much regulation is there of magnesium?

A

Little homeostatic regulation

80
Q

What two things can magnesium deficiency cause?

A

StaggersGrass tetany

81
Q

What are the clinical signs of magnesium deficiency?

A

HyperaesthesiaEars twitchingSensitive to sound/hand clapStaggers and collapsesChamping of jawsSudden death

82
Q

What are the clinical signs for sub acute magnesium deficiency?

A

Slow onset over 3-4 daysSpasmodic urination and defecationMuscle tremorStaggering gait

83
Q

What are the clinical signs for chronic magnesium deficiency?

A

Few signsPoor appetiteDepressed milk yieldIncreased heart rate

84
Q

What are the causes for magnesium deficiency in ruminants?

A

Low magnesium levels in the dietPoor feed intakesPoor absorption of magnesium

85
Q

What level of magnesium should it not drop below?

A

<0.5 mmol/l

86
Q

Describe the treatment for magnesium deficiency

A

URGENTBottle Ca borogluconate with Mg hypophosphate, i/v, slowlyMagnesium sulphate 25% s/c only

87
Q

How can magnesium deficiency be prevented?

A

Magnesium alone is not very palatableMgO in concentrates, mix with molassesMg bolus oralMg tablets/flakes added to drinking waterAvoid K fertilizer when hypomagnesium is a known problem

88
Q

What does calcium deficiency cause?

A

Bovine parturient paresisHypocalcaemiaAcute flaccid paralysisMilk fever

89
Q

What is the normal level of calcium within the blood?

A

2.3 to 3.2 mmol/l

90
Q

Where is calcium absorbed from?

A

GIT, kidney and bone

91
Q

What does calcium require as a co-factor at several stages?

A

Magnesium

92
Q

What are the subclinical signs of calcium deficiency?

A

HypersensitivityAble to standExcitableTremorsEar twitchingAtaxiaBloat/gas in gut

93
Q

What levels of blood calcium cause subclinical signs?

A

1.8-2.3 mmol/l

94
Q

What levels of blood calcium cause moderate clinical signs of calcium deficiency?

A

1.2-1.8mmol/l

95
Q

What are the clinical signs presenting with moderate clinical calcium deficiency?

A

RecumbentDepressedDry muzzleCold extremitiesBloat/gas in gutNo defecationDelayed/absent pupil responses

96
Q

What levels of blood calcium cause severe clinical signs of calcium deficiency?

A

Reduced consciousnessLateral recumbencyUnresponsive to stimuliMuscle flaccidityReduced cardiac outputBloatDeath

97
Q

Describe the treatment for calcium deficiency

A

URGENT20% Ca borogluconate 400ml40% Ca borogluconate 400mlLow volume treatments Maxacal 100mlAlso some mixed with Mg, P and glucoseI/V slow while monitoring heart rateS/C deposit to prevent recurrence

98
Q

What is the cause of calcium deficiency in ruminants?

A

Demand is not met by supplyKidney absorptionGIT absorptionBone reserves

99
Q

How can calcium deficiency be prevented?

A

Low calcium in dry cow rationHigh calcium in milking cow rationMagnesium supplyDCAB - dietary cation anion balanceDrench at calvingBolus just before calving

100
Q

What are the three things that make cows more at risk of calcium deficiency?

A

OlderFatterChannel breeds

101
Q

How can you detect phosphorus deficiency in cows?

A

Local conditionHappy downerNo response to Ca/MgFoston I/V

102
Q

What are the cations and anions in the balanced diet?

A

Cations: Na and KAnions: Cl and S

103
Q

How should DCAB ions be analyzed?

A

mmol/kg dry matter

104
Q

What is the formula used to measure ion levels in a DCAB feed?

A

(Na+K)-(Cl+S)

105
Q

What level should DCAB be lower than?

A

-200 mmol/kg dry matter

106
Q

What can anionic salts do?

A

Not very palatable and reduce DMI - can cause negative energy balance, fatty liver and metabolic problems

107
Q

How can anion levels be monitored?

A

Monitor urine pH - aim for 5.5-6.5If drops to 5.0-5.5 too many anions are being absorbedCheck several cows every week

108
Q

What are the examples of important macro elements?

A

CalciumMagnesiumPhosphorous

109
Q

What does calcium deficiency cause in cattle?

A

Milk fever

110
Q

What does magnesium deficiency cause in cattle?

A

Staggers

111
Q

What are the examples of trace elements?

A

CobaltCopperSelenium (Vitamin E)IodineIronMolybdenumZinc

112
Q

What are trace elements?

A

Elements essential for normal function

113
Q

What are grazing livestock dependent on for nutrients?

A

Soil/plants

114
Q

What are the two methods of providing mineral supplementation?

A

Additional feedAdding into concentrates

115
Q

When are supplementations frequently given?

A

When not needed or without any evidence for need

116
Q

WHat can unnecessary supplementation result in?

A

WasteExpensesHarm to animals

117
Q

What is poor production/fertility often blamed on?

A

Trace Element DeficiencyProblem usually caused by husbandry/management or disease

118
Q

What is the main difference between primary and secondary deficiencies?

A

Primary - soil/plant deficiencySecondary - lack of absorption in the animal

119
Q

What can copper deficiency be related to as a secondary deficiency?

A

Excess molybdenym, sulfur or iron as they bind copper in the rumen

120
Q

Why is local knowledge important for determining trace element deficiencies?

A

Deficiencies are common in certain geographical areas - knowing what’s local can help diagnose

121
Q

What is cobalt an essential component of?

A

Vitamin B12 - involves in glucose pathway

122
Q

What is seen with cobalt deficiency?

A

Poor thrift in growing animals - usually seen in lambs

123
Q

What species is cobalt deficiency most diagnosed in?

A

Sheep

124
Q

What are the clinical signs for cobalt deficiency in sheep?

A

Non-specificPoor thrift in weaned lambsLethargyPoor growth ratesPoor appetitePoor BCSPale mm (anaemia in late stages)Eye discharges

125
Q

How can cobalt deficiency be diagnosed?

A

Vitamin B12 assay on blood samplesUrine - MMALiver samples - Vit. B12 from abattoirSupplementation trial - over 8-10 weeks compare to controlsPCV

126
Q

What are the clinical signs of cobalt deficiency on PME?

A

Non-specificEmaciationBone marrow hypoplasiaLiver enlarged in severe cases

127
Q

What is the treatment for cobalt deficiencies?

A

Vit. B12 injection with cobalt sulphate oral drench

Monthly drenching with cobalt

Cobalt oxide boluses

128
Q

What can be a problem with using cobalt oxide boluses in sheep?

A

Sheep can cough them up again

129
Q
A
130
Q

What do selenium and vitamin E protect against?

A

Free radicals

131
Q

What are selenium and vitamin E?

A

Cellular antioxidants

132
Q

What can Se/Vit. E deficiency cause?

A

Membrane damage and tissue necrosis

133
Q

Which muscles and cells are particularly susceptible to Se/Vit E deficiency?

A

Skeletal Cardiac Respiratory RBC

134
Q

What are the names of some clinical diseases caused by Se/Vit. E deficiency?

A

White muscle disease Stiff lamb disease Nutritional muscular dystrophy

135
Q

Describe clinical Se/Vit. E deficiency

A

White muscle disease Congenital causing stillbirths/neonatal deaths Sudden onset of stiffness Affected lambs bright but appear in pain Have lowered head carriage Deteriorate and remain recumbant Muscles painful and swollen Associated with recent stress

136
Q

Describe sub-clinical Se/Vit. E deficiency

A

Poor growth rates Embryonic death (ewes) Increased disease susceptibility Reduced milk production Increased retained foetal membranes

137
Q

How can Se/Vit. E deficiency be diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs Glutathione Peroxidase decreased in blood Creatine Kinase increased in early stages Vit. E assay in blood Histopath. on cardiac muscle

138
Q

Describe the treatment/control of Se/Vit. E deficiency

A

Se injection Vit. E injection Correct supplementation of pregnant ewe/cows ration Drenching of growing lambs Boluses

139
Q

What should you beware of when treating Se/Vit E deficiency?

A

Toxicity

140
Q

What trace element is an essential part of many enzymes?

A

Copper

141
Q

Give some examples of enzymes that copper is an essential part of

A

Cytochrome oxidase (myelin formation) Caeruloplasmin (iron release into plasma) Lysyl oxidase (elastin and collagen synthesis) Tyrosinase (pigmentation)

142
Q

What are the clinical signs presenting with Cu deficiency?

A

Growing cattle

  • Poor thrift
  • Diarrhoea
  • Poor coat colour

Lambs and adult deer

  • Swayback

​Uncommon

  • Bone fragility
143
Q

What is copper deficiency often in association with?

A

Poor nutrition

144
Q

What is a very serious and common problem in sheep relating to trace elements?

A

Coppper toxicity

145
Q

What are the clinical signs of Cu toxicity?

A

Depression Anorexia Haemolysis Haemoglobinuria Jaundice

146
Q

What would be found on investigation of copper toxicity?

A

AST>1000 U/l serum Low PCV Gastroenteritis Swollen dark grey kidneys (Gun Metal Kidneys) Liver enlarged and friable Cu assays of kidney >3000 umol/kg DM

147
Q

What is iodine required for?

A

Synthesis of thyroid hormone

148
Q

What are the two presentations of iodine deficiency?

A

Clinical - goitre in new-born Sub-clinical - increased perinatal mortality

149
Q

What proportion of the herd is usually affected by trace element deficiencies?

A

More than 1 animal Sometimes a history of deficiency in the area

150
Q

What is usually a good sign of trace element deficiencies in young animals?

A

Poor growth

151
Q

What is usually more useful than testing soil or plants for trace element deficiency?

A

Testing the animal itself

152
Q

What are the four methods of supplementing trace elements in farm animals?

A

Oral dosing Injection Slow release rumen capsule Addition to fertiliser

153
Q

What do you need to beware of when supplementing trace elements?

A

Copper and selenium toxicity

154
Q

What should you monitor when using supplementation of trace elements?

A

Effectiveness

155
Q

What four things should cause you to suspect trace element deficiencies in farm animals?

A

More than 1 animal affected Poor thrift Gait abnormalities Goitre

156
Q

What are the two most susceptible species to copper deficiency?

A

Cattle

Deer

157
Q

What is the most susceptible species to cobalt deficiency?

A

Sheep - cobalt requirements higher

158
Q

Why is it better to test animal levels of trace elements than those in the plants?

A

Levels within plants can vary depending on:

  • Type of plant
  • Part of plant tested
  • Where it’s growing
  • Season
  • Soil contamination

Absorption in animal will vary

Requirements of animal varies according to physiological status and age

159
Q

How would you test selenium status in animals?

A

3 blood samples

  • No store so blood good place to check
  • Little variation in levels between animals
  • Only need small number
160
Q

What is the best place to test to assess copper levels in animals?

A

Liver

  • Copper stored here
  • Blood can be of some value to confirm deficiency
  • Large variation so test as many as possible
161
Q
A

PMVPH (8 decks)

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