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PMVPH > Mastitis > Flashcards

Mastitis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two presentations of mastitis?

A

ClinicalSubclinical

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2
Q

What is the difference between clinical and subclinical?

A

Clinical we can observeSubclinical only have a high cell count

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3
Q

What is subclinical mastitis not associated with?

A

Pain

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4
Q

What are the two different times mastitis are seen?

A

Dry periodLactation infection

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5
Q

What is the most common type of mastitis within dry period? Lactation?

A

Dry period - environmentalLactation - contagious and environmental

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6
Q

What is Orbeseal?

A

A plug stuck in the end of the teat preventing infection within the dry period - physical barrier

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7
Q

What is the difference between contagious and environmental mastitis?

A

Contagious occurs within the milking parlourEnvironmental occurs outside the parlour

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8
Q

What type of mastitis does E. coli mainly cause?

A

Environmental

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9
Q

What type of mastitis does Stapholococcus usually cause?

A

Contagious

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10
Q

What do the contagious typically look like compared to one another?

A

Genetically uniform

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11
Q

How do the environmentally causing mastitis bacteria appear?

A

Genetically different

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12
Q

What are the risk factors with mastitis?

A

HostEnvironmentAgent

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13
Q

What is the average incidence of mastitis per year?

A

35 per 100 cows per year

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14
Q

Which region of England has slightly higher cases of mastitis every year?

A

South-East England

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15
Q

What causes mastitis?

A

Multiple factors - not one single thing

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16
Q

What occurs with a lower bulk tank somatic cell count?

A

More severe cases of mastitis but less of them

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17
Q

What type of mastitis occurs with a high bulk tank somatic cell count?

A

Subclinical contagious mastitis

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18
Q

What does mastitis impact upon in the dairy?

A

Quanitity of milk lost (actual and potential)Quality of milk lost (residues and penalties for high SCC)

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19
Q

Why does a high SCC cause penalties to the farmer?

A

Enzymes in the milk reducing cell count as well as making it more difficult to use in cheese

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20
Q

When does clinical mastitis occur?

A

Exposure to pathogen and then enters teat and into mammary gland

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21
Q

What do you see in clinical mastitis?

A

Always changes in milk - composition/quality/dotsSometimes other signs

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22
Q

Describe grade 1 clinical mastitis

A

Milk change onlyDecreased milk yield

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23
Q

What does a microfilter do in the dairy?

A

Takes out milk spots allowing clinical mastitis to be detected

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24
Q

Why is pre-stripping the teat always important in the parlour?

A

Main way for checking clinical mastitis

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25
Q

Describe acute grade 2 clinical mastitis

A

AcuteMilk changesUdder changesMilk yield decreased

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26
Q

Describe chronic grade 2 clinical mastitis

A

Same as acute but persists

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27
Q

Describe grade 3 clinical mastitis

A

Same as grade 2 but with systemic sick cow

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28
Q

What are some of the main bacterial causes of clinical mastitis?

A

Strep. agalactiaeStrep. dysgalactieaStrep. uberisStaph. aureusE. coliOther agents

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29
Q

Describe sub-clinical mastitis

A

Elevation of somatic cell countPositive Californian Milk testReduced milk yield

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30
Q

What can be used instead of an official Californian Milk Test agent?

A

Fairy liquid - essentially detergent that breaks down membranes

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31
Q

What are we looking for in a Californian Milk Test?

A

Any change in composition of the milk - becomes more “gloopy”

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32
Q

What are the main bacterial causes of subclinical mastitis?

A

Staph. aureusStrep. uberisStrep. agalactiaeCorynebacterium bovis

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33
Q

What do we need to know from history with mastitis cases?

A

DurationDevelopmentStage of lactation and gestationAgeTreatment and its responsePrevious episodesSCC data

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34
Q

Describe the clinical exam for mastitis cases?

A

Systematic clinical examUdder exam - inspection, palpation, lymph nodesMilk examMilk sample (CMT)

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35
Q

What are the three choices of antibiotics for mastitis treatment?

A

SystemicIntramammary during lactactionIntramammary in a dry cow

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36
Q

Why should we check the intrammamary antibiotics before application?

A

Lactation ones in dry cows won’t protect long enoughDry ones in lactating cows will cause major financial problems

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37
Q

What other treatments can be used for mastitis?

A

Oxytocin - allows release of milkNSAIDs - reduces painCorticosteroids - toxic mastitis or new pathogen with inflammationFluid therapy - toxic mastitisCalcium - supportDextrose - support

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38
Q

What can’t you tell upon the presentation of mastitis?

A

Pathogen causing the disease

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39
Q

What does the choice of antibiotic depend upon in mastitis cases?

A

SensitivityPharmacokineticsAvailabilityCostsHerd historyWithdrawal time

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40
Q

What three cows do we sample when culturing for mastitis?

A

Recurrent casesPersisitent infectionRise in SCC

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41
Q

What are the three samples we can take for milk?

A

Bulk tankPooled one cow sampleIndividual quarter sample

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42
Q

Describe sampling an individual quarter

A

Cleanse udderSwab teat end until swab is clean2 pre-strips2ml in sterile containerLabel with name, number and quarter

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43
Q

Where do the organisms causing contagious mastitis live?

A

Prefer to live in the udder and teat skin

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44
Q

What type of infection do contagious mastitis organisms cause?

A

Subclinical

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45
Q

When is contagious mastitis spread?

A

Cow to cow at milking - human spread

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46
Q

Where does Strep. agalactiae live?

A

Exclusively within the udder - largely eliminated

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47
Q

Where does Strep. dysgalactiae live?

A

Tonsils, udder, teat, teat lesions

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48
Q

What is Staph. aureusresistant to?

A

Most antibiotics as persist and culling usually only option

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49
Q

Where is Strep. uberisusually picked up from?

A

Damp straw

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50
Q

What is unique about Strep. uberisamong mastitis causing pathogens?

A

Picked up environmentally but spread contagiously

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51
Q

What are two other minor pathogens that can cause contagious mastitis?

A

Corynebacterium bovisCoagulase negative staphylococci (CNS)

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52
Q

Where do environmental pathogens of mastitis live?

A

Environment sporadically gaining entry to udder

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53
Q

What do environmental pathogens of mastitis cause?

A

Nothing as rapidly eliminated or serious mastitis

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54
Q

What is the dry period of a cow?

A

Generally up to 60 days

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55
Q

When do environmental pathogens causing mastitis enter the teat?

A

Milking time

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56
Q

What is important in preventing environmental mastitis?

A

Housing design and managementCubicle design, yard management and scrapingDry cow housing also important

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57
Q

What are the main organisms that cause environmental mastitis?

A

E. coliStrep. uberisKlebsiella - wood shavingsColiformsBacillus cereusFungiYeasts

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58
Q

What are somatic cell counts not?

A

Bacteria - normal cells in milk (inflammatory, epithelial etc.)

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59
Q

When do epithelial cells increase?

A

Towards the end of lactation and are high immediately after calving

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60
Q

What is the normal lactation time in cows?

A

305 days

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61
Q

Why do somatic cell counts increase with infection?

A

Inflammatory cells increase

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62
Q

What shouldn’t SCC increase above?

A

200,000 cells per ml

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63
Q

How can elevated bulk tank SCC increase?

A

Usually high subclinical infection numbers

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64
Q

What is the bulk tank SCC an indicator of?

A

Mastitis prevalence

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65
Q

What is usually imposed on a farm with a SCC above 200,000 cells/ml?

A

Financial penalty

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66
Q

What is the main way to control contagious mastitis?

A

Eliminate reservoirs of infection

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67
Q

What should be used in dry cows to help prevent mastitis infection?

A

Dry cow therapy - don’t dry cow up but prevent subclinical infections and clearing persistent infections up

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68
Q

Describe the 5 points of the 5 point plan

A

1 - prompt detection and treatment of clinical cases2 - post milking teat dip3 - dry cow therapy4 - cull persistent offenders5 - regular servicing and maintenance of milking machine

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69
Q

Why is hygiene important in control of mastitis?

A

Prevents spread of mastitis from cow to cow in parlour

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70
Q

What should never be used in the milking parlour?

A

Udder cloths

71
Q

What is the first thing that should be done after milking?

A

Keep them standing for 30-40 minutes after milking - teat orifice remains open

72
Q

What are the two most common types of pre-milking teat dip?

A

IodophoresChlorine based

73
Q

What do long acting antibiotics aim to do in dry cow therapy?

A

Remove existing sub clinical infections during dry periodPrevent further infections getting established in udder

74
Q

What does teat sealant do?

A

Inert substance which is infused and blocks it preventing bacteria entering during dry period

75
Q

Why is it important to record and mark dry cows?

A

Prevent cow getting milked by accident

76
Q

What is a definition of a persistent mastitis offender?

A

3 cases or more during one lactationPersisitently high individual SCC which doesn’t respond to treatment

77
Q

What are the three actions with problem cows?

A

Put in problem herd - milk at end of milking so as not to spreadTreatment at dry offCull

78
Q

What is a “new” cow with high SCC value on the herd companion website?

A

The first time a high SCC has been recorded but not the first milk recording in this lactation

79
Q

What is a “first” cow on the herd companion website?

A

Cow with both a high SCC and the first recording this lactation

80
Q

What is a “repeat” cow on the herd companion website?

A

Cow that had a low SCC in the previous month but this is at least the second time the cow has had a high SCC

81
Q

What is a “chronic” cow on the herd companion website?

A

A cow with a high SCC at this recording and the previous milk recording and possibly others

82
Q

What is a “low to low” dry period cow?

A

Cow had low SCC when dried off and was still low when the cow was calved - ideal

83
Q

What is a “low to high” dry period cow?

A

The cow had a low SCC at dry off but was high when calvingCow has become infected during the dry period - disaster

84
Q

What needs to be looked at if there is a high proportion of “low to high” dry period cows?

A

Dry cow housing and management

85
Q

What is a “high to low” dry period cow?

A

Cow was infected at dry off (high SCC) but by calving the infection had cleared (low SCC) - excellent

86
Q

What is a “high to high” dry period cow?

A

Cow was infected at dry off and despite any treatment they were still infected at calving

87
Q

Why can liners cause mastitis?

A

Get transferred from cow to cow - get cracked and can let pathogens into the liner and transmit disease

88
Q

How many milkings do milk machine liners last?

A

Rubber - 2500Silicone - 10000

89
Q

What is the equation for calculating the liner life?

A

(2500number of milking units)/(number of cows2)

90
Q

What is the vacuum reserve?

A

How much extra vacuum there is in the vacuum pump

91
Q

Why do we need a vacuum reserve?

A

To prevent reflux of milk back into the teat

92
Q

How do we test that a constant vacuum is being applied?

A

Open 1 in 5 unitsIf vacuum drops by 2kPa it is insufficient

93
Q

How quickly should the vacuum recover in the milking machine?

A

Less than three seconds

94
Q

What is liner slip?

A

Air leks into the top of liner making a distinctive sound and causes reflux of milk back into teat and causes mastitis

95
Q

What are the two main ways of controlling environmental mastitis?

A

Control environmentParlour factors - teat preparation, clean and dry at milk

96
Q

How often should indoor cow housing be fully cleaned out?

A

Every 3 weeks

97
Q

Describe a good cubicle for a standard dairy cow

A

2.3m long1.2m wideBarrier 1.7m from back on floor

98
Q

What does a Bactoscan estimate and what is it not?

A

Estimates number of bacteria in milkNot actualnumber of bacteria

99
Q

What are the 4 stages to herd health planning?

A

Where are we now?InvestigateImplement changesHave things improved?

100
Q

What is the target for clinical mastitis cases on a farm?

A

30 cases per 100 cows per year

101
Q

What must be kept to allow good herd health planning?

A

Accurate records

102
Q

What are the two ways we can set a target for mastitis?

A

SCC in bulk milkClinical cases of mastitis

103
Q

What does the bulk milk SCC indicate?

A

Prevelance of mastitis - subclinical

104
Q

What does bulk milk SCC not usually include?

A

Clinical cases of mastitis as farmer tends to throw it away

105
Q

What do we need to decide when investigating mastitis?

A

Contagious or environmental

106
Q

Why is looking at the number of antibiotics intra-mammary treatments sold a good investigation of mastitis?

A

Number sold tells us how effective antibiotic treatment isToo high then treatment may not be effective or not recording effectivelyToo low then either over recording or not administering or using homeopathic treatment

107
Q

Why should we look at problem cows?

A

Could be a reservoir of mastitis infection

108
Q

What are the three options for problem cows?

A

CullIsolate into problem groupTreat

109
Q

What shouldn’t we put problem cows with?

A

Calving herd

110
Q

What should we do with a problem group of cows?

A

Milk the group last and house separately

111
Q

Why should we stay a long time when observing milking routines?

A

To ensure that herdsman wasn’t just “putting on a show”

112
Q

Why should we talk to herdsmen about milking routines?

A

Generally know what’s going on and can give you an insight into what could be the cause of the problem

113
Q

What are ten things to check for when observing the milking parlour?

A

HygienePre dipStrip and wipe teatTeats clean and dryPaper towels/clothsStimulationLiner slipsOvermilkingPost dippingRelaxed cows

114
Q

What is a very rare cause of stress in cows within the milking parlour i.e. why wouldn’t they want to go in?

A

Stray voltage - milking machine gives them an electric shock

115
Q

What should we observe when checking the environment cows are housed in?

A

Look at cowsCow cleanliness scoreCubiclesComfort

116
Q

What is the cow comfort index?

A

Proportion of cows which are standing one hour before milking - target is less than 15%

117
Q

What is the requirement for the Bactoscan?

A

< 50,000/mlShould target to get <20,000/ml

118
Q

What are the 4 sources of bacteria in the milk?

A

Mastitis cowContamination from faeces - dirty teat, wet teat, poor milking technique etc.Milking machine dirty - not washed properly causing bacteria growthFailure of refrigeration in bulk tank - 4 degrees C

119
Q

When are samples taken?

A

At random by lorry driver at least once a week

120
Q

What are tested in the samples taken?

A

Bulk SCCBactoscanFatProteinUreaAntibioticsWater

121
Q

Why is urea results provided in a milk sample?

A

So farmer can manage herd - doesn’t get paid on itPurely a courtesy

122
Q

What are the two ways water can get into milk?

A

Farmer runs a hose into the milk to bulk volume upTank hasn’t drained properly after washing out

123
Q

What are the two tests that can be used to investigate mastitis?

A

California milk testSterile tube sample - culture

124
Q

What is a main area we should investigate the udder on with mastitis?

A

Teat end

125
Q

What are some of the key things we should do when investigating mastitis?

A

Spend time on farmLookListenTalk to farmer and staffAll about husbandry and peopleKeep going back

126
Q

Where do most clinical cases of mastitis occur?

A

Lactating gland

127
Q

Which bacteria causes disease in the dry cow and immature glands?

A

Trueperella pyogenes

128
Q

What is the most common route of entry into the mammary gland?

A

Via the teat canal - galactogenic route of entry

129
Q

What are the three routes of entry of microorganisms into the mammary gland?

A

GalactogenicHaematogenousPercutaneous

130
Q

What are the three methods the teat canal has to resist infection?

A

Smooth muscle sphincterKeratin from epitheliumFurstenberg’s Rosette

131
Q

How does Furstenberg’s Rosette help the teat resist infection?

A

Prevent physical entry into canalFatty acids and cationic proteins act as antibacterialsSubepithelial plasma cells produce immunoglobulin

132
Q

What physical factors of the udder help resist infection?

A

Sphincter and keratin of teatFlushing action of milk

133
Q

What are the soluble factors that help resist mastitis infection?

A

LactoferrinLysozomesComplementsCytokines

134
Q

What are the cellular factors that help resist mastitis infection?

A

NeutrophilsMacrophages laterNatural Killer Cells

135
Q

Which parts of the adaptive immunity help resist mastitis infection?

A

LymphocytesImmunoglobulins - mainly IgG

136
Q

What are the three presentations of mastitis pathologically?

A

PeracuteAcuteSubclinical chronic

137
Q

When do peracute mastitis generally occur?

A

Mostly occur around parturition and death within hours

138
Q

What is the gross appearance of peracute mastitis?

A

Swollen painful quarterRapid progression to moist gangreneDark blue to black in colourBlistering and oozing serumBecomes cold to the touchVariable number of dark haemorrhagic lobules on cut surfaceVentral abdominal oedemaMay be comatose

139
Q

How does acute mastitis appear microscopically?

A

Extensive interstitial oedema with neutrophilic infiltrationVacuolation and desquamation of acinar and ductal epithelium

140
Q

How does acute mastitis progress to chronic mastitis?

A

Fibrosis obliterates aciniDucts obstructed by polyps - milk can’t be brought downRetention cysts anterior to blocked ductsAlso abcess formation depending on pathogen

141
Q

What happens following chronic mastitis?

A

Involution - temporary loss of secretory tissueFibrosis - permanent loss of secretory tissue

142
Q

Why should we consider just culling cows infected with Staph. aureus?

A

Really difficult to treat and cure due to botryomycosisArea of fibrous tissue surrounding bacteria making it very difficult for antimicrobials to penetrateCan flare up and shed causing infection of other cows so best option is to cull

143
Q

What can occur with subclinical mastitis with further flare ups?

A

Can lead to fibrosis of ducts leading to drop in milk yield

144
Q

What is the gross appearance of chronic subclinical mastitis?

A

Gland is hard and atrophic

145
Q

What is the microscopic appearance of chronic subclinical mastitis?

A

Similar to chronic clinical mastitisPermanent loss of secretory tissue due to progressive destruction

146
Q

What is the main cause of clinical mastitis?

A

Streptococcus uberis

147
Q

What accounts for more than half the cases of clinical mastitis?

A

E. coliStrep. uberis

148
Q

What are the four main causes of subclinical mastitis?

A

Coagulase negative staphylococciS. uberisS. aureusCoreynebacteriumOther

149
Q

What are the 10 main organisms that cause lactating mastitis?

A

S. aureusE. coliS. uberisS. agalactiaeS. dysgalactiaeM. bovisC. bovisPseudomonas aeruginosaKlebsiella penumoniaeYeasts

150
Q

Where does S. aureuslive?

A

Skin and mucous membrane of animals and humans

151
Q

How does S. aureus enter the mammary gland?

A

Teat canal

152
Q

What range of disease can S. aureuscause?

A

Subclinical through to severely gangrenous

153
Q

What are 70% of S. aureus strains?

A

Beta-lactamase positive - resisitant to antibiotics

154
Q

How does S. aureusavoid immune response?

A

Walls itself off using fibrous tissue preventing phagocytosisAlso hides inside epithelial cells

155
Q

How can S. aureuscause further inflammation without invasion?

A

Hypersensitivity - immune response if previously exposed to pathogen

156
Q

Is there a vaccine for S. aureus?

A

No

157
Q

What are the seven pathogenicity factors with S. aureus?

A

Alpha toxin - necrotizing toxinBeta toxin - sphingomyelinaseTSST-1 - superantigenPolysaccharide capsuleProtein AEnzymesFibronectin-binding protein - allows adherence

158
Q

What are the four pathogenicity factors of S. agalactiae?

A

Streptolysin SSTST-1 - superantigenEnzymesPolysaccharide capsule

159
Q

What is the natural habitat of S. agalactiae?

A

Teat canal of the udder

160
Q

Why is S. agalactiae no longer a real problem?

A

Only really lived in udder and infected animals have been culled out

161
Q

What are the three pathogenicity factors with S. dysgalactiae?

A

STST-1 - superantigenEnzymesPolysaccharide capsule

162
Q

What is the natural habitat of S. dysgalactiae?

A

Outside the udder teat and not host adapted

163
Q

What does S. dysgalactiae require to cause infection?

A

Trauma or wound

164
Q

What type of mastitis does S. dysgalactiae more oftenly cause and why?

A

Acute mastitis as not host adaptive

165
Q

What is the natural habitat for S. uberis?

A

Environment (faeces) requiring wound or trauma to invade tissue

166
Q

What type of mastitis does E. colicause?

A

Acute mild mastitis

167
Q

What are the pathogenicity factors of E. colithat help make it antimicrobial resistant?

A

Alpha-haemolysinCNF-1EndotoxinIron acquisitionK-typesPili - allow attachment

168
Q

Is there a vaccine for E. coli?

A

Yes - killed E. colistrain

169
Q

Where does M. bovisgenerally live?

A

Genital and respiratory tract

170
Q

What occurs with M. bovis?

A

Reaches udder by haematogenous spread causing a dramatic drop in milk yield

171
Q

What are the primary agents involved in dry cow mastitis?

A

Trueperella pyogenesS. dysgalactiaePeptostreptococcus indolicus- anaerobe

172
Q

Where do many lactating mastitis infections begin?

A

During the dry period

173
Q

What are the main causes of mastitis in ewes?

A

Mannheimia haemolyticaS. aureusE. coliStreptococciMycoplasma agalactiae

PMVPH (8 decks)

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