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BIO 160 LE 3 > Parasitism > Flashcards

Parasitism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Case Study: Explain the life cycle of the gordian worm/hair worm

A

Gordian worm: Enslaver parasite
- Acts on insect host brain to make host drown itself
- When host drowns, returns the nematomorph to water
- Nematomorph mates in water
- Waits to occupy a new host’s body cavity incapacitating it and turning it into a zombie

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2
Q

Consumes tissues or fluids of their host organisms typically infecting only one individual w/o killing it

A

Parasites

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3
Q

A good parasite is one that _______ its host

A

does not kill its host

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4
Q

Live in or on other organisms and can be mutualists or parasites

A

Symbionts

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5
Q

T/F Paraistes typically feed on only 1 or a few host species, host species also only have 1 or few parasite species.

A

False, hosts have multiple parasite species

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6
Q

Organism in a natural environment that does not harbor several species of parasites

A

Rarity

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7
Q

Parasites and pathogens are ______ or atleast have a limited range of hosts

A

host-specific

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8
Q

Parasite found externally

A

Ectoparasite

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9
Q

Modified roots that plants use to penetrate tissues of host

A

Haustoria

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10
Q

Plants that extract water and mineral nutrients from hosts but can photosynthesize alone

A

Hemiparasitic

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11
Q

Parasite found internally

A

Endoparasite

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12
Q

Open tube in animal bodies surrounded by tissues and runs from mouth to anus serving as an excellent habitat for parasites.

A

Alimentary canal

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13
Q

T/F Endoparasites eat host tissues

A

False, they only rob the host of nutrients (eating the digested material in the alimentary canal)

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14
Q

Structure with suckers used by tapeworm to attach to the host’s intestine

A

Scolex

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15
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Ectoparasitism

A

Adv: Ease of dispersal, safety form immune system
Disadv: Vulnerability to natural enemies, difficult feeding, exposure to external environment

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16
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of Endoparasitism

A

Adv: Ease of feeding, protected from external environment, safer from natural enemies
Disadv: Vulnerability to immune system, difficult dispersal

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17
Q

Categories of parasites based on function rather than taxonomy or phylogenetics

A

Macroparasites & Microparasites

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18
Q

Grow in their host but multiply with infective stages released to infect new hosts, longer generation times and can be counted and infections are chronic

A

Macroparasites

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19
Q

Reproduce within host often within host’s cells. Too small to be seen with short lifespans and can lead to development of immunity. Infections are often transient.

A

Microparasites

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20
Q

Live in close association with their hosts

A

Symbionts

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21
Q

Interaction where 1 organism harms another without any cost or benefit received

A

Ammensalism

22
Q

Interaction where 1 organism benefits while the other is unaffected

A

Commensalism

23
Q

Interaction where both species involved benefit

A

Mutualism

24
Q

Non-mutual symbiotic relationship where 1 benefits while the other is actively harmed

A

Parasitism

25
Q

Symbionts that protect their hosts from parasitic symbionts

A

Mutualistic defensive symbionts

26
Q

Differentiate simple and complex life cycle

A

Simple basically means that dispersal is very quick, complex means there are multiple stages in the life of the organism

27
Q

Transmission between individuals that are not linked by parent-child relationship

A

Horizontal transmission

28
Q

Transmission from mother to offspring

A

Vertical Transmission

29
Q

Parasites that cause disease manifesting as pain, dysfunction, or death

A

Pathogens

30
Q

Parasites taht rely on other organisms to raise their young

A

Brood Parasites

31
Q

Parasites that steal food from competitors.

A

Kleptoparasites

32
Q

This includes the immunesystem, biochemical defense, and mutualistic defensive symbionts which all protect hosts against parasites

A

Host adaptation defenses

33
Q

Recognize microparasites from previous exposures

A

Memory cells

34
Q

When cells are damaged by microparasite infection, it releases molecules that stimulates production of antimicrobial compounds called:

A

Phytoalexins

35
Q

Removes iron from blood serum in vertebrate hosts to prevent bacterial and fungal parasites from getting it

A

Transferrin

36
Q

Chemical weapons used by plants against parasites

A

Secondary compounds

37
Q

Increased survival of aphid genotypes exposed to pathogenic fungi is an example of?

A

Defensive symbionts

38
Q

Adaptations that circumvent host defense

A

Parasite counter defenses

39
Q

Process allowing parasites to elude action of antibodies

A

Molecular Mimicry

40
Q

Process of covering parasites or parasite eggs with capsules that kill them to render them harmless

A

Encapsulation

41
Q

Blood cells that can form multicellular capsules around large objects such as nematodes

A

Lamellocytes

42
Q

Plasmodium is a protozoan causing malaria and is an example of counterdefenses involving hundreds of genes, explain its complex lifecycle in its two hosts

A

1.Sporoziote Stage - Present in Saliva of infected mosquito and is injected when they bite humans
2. Merozoites - Sporozoites migrate to liver and divide to form merozoites that penetrate RBC multiplying rapidly causing lysis, some become gamete-producing cells
3. Mosquito bites infected human ingesting gamete producing cells that form gametes uniting to form a zygote
4. Zygote produces thousands of new sporozoites that migrate to salivary gland

43
Q

Occurs when populations of 2 interacting species evolve together in response to selection pressure imposed by the other

A

Coevolution

44
Q

Animals or plants of related species or populations occurring within the same geographical areas

A

Sympatric

45
Q

Animals or plants of related species or populations occurring in separate, non-overlapping geographic areas

A

Allopatric

46
Q

Parasites are better at infecting hosts that they are sympatric or allopatric with?

A

Sympatric

47
Q

Occurs when plant defense systems include a specific response that makes particular plant genotypes resistant to particular parasite genotypes

A

Gene-for-gene interactions

48
Q

T/F Due to common host genotypes being targeted by parasites, there is also a decrease in the rare genotypes

A

False, since common host genotypes are attacked, rare genotypes tend to be more fit in the environment leading to proliferation

49
Q

Model used in epidemiology that subdivides the population into compartments

A

SIR Model

50
Q

Density of susceptible hosts that when exceeded, disease will spread

A

Threshold Density

51
Q

How to calculate threshold density

A

𝑆_𝑇 =π‘š/Ξ²
where:
𝑆_𝑇 = Threshold Density
m=combined death and recovery rate
Ξ² = transmission coefficient

52
Q

What are the 7 different macroevolution trajectories?

A

Cospeciation - Parasite evolves along with host
Host switch - Parasite switches host
Duplication - Parasite speciates, host stays the same
Failure to speciate - Parasite stays the same, host evolves
Missing the boat - Only host speciates, no parasite on new host sp
Extinction - Parasite dies
Coexistence - Stable with each other, no change

BIO 160 LE 3 (6 decks)

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