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Erica's ID 3 > Parasitic Worms > Flashcards

Parasitic Worms Flashcards

1
Q

Geohelminths

A

Soil transmitted nematodes

Biggest issue is poor water sanitation

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2
Q

Do the adults multiply inside you with helminths?

A

No, that’s different from parasitic protozoa

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3
Q

How do you get infected with geohelminths

A

Ingestion of eggs containing infective larvae = ascaris and whipworms
Infective larvae penetrate skin (typically feet) = hookworm and strongyloides

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4
Q

Key to diagnosis of geohelminths

A

Eggs or larvae in stools

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5
Q

Geohelminth infections most common in ___

A

Young children

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6
Q

Ascaris

A
  • Lives in small intestine
  • Produces eggs — comes out in soil
  • You eat it, you get infected –> bloodstream –> lungs –> crawl up trachea and you swallow them

You get symptoms of PNA

Prevention: sanitation, drug treatment every 6 months

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7
Q

How long can eggs survive in soil?

A

10 years

2,000 eggs per female per day

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8
Q

Whipworm (Trichuriasis)

A
  • Large intestine
  • Inserts into mucosa and damages mucosa –> produce eggs –> you pick up the eggs

Light infections = no symptoms
Heavy infections = painful stool… can get rectal prolapse
Kids can get severely anemic (growth retardation and impaired cognitive development)

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9
Q

Hookworms

A

Most serious of pathogenesis

  • small, living in small intestine
  • infection occurs when larvae penetrate the skin - latch on to mucosa of small intestine
  • muscles of pharynx pump blood out of your body, so degree of anemia depends upon # of these guys you have
  • Heavy infection: abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, anemia
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10
Q

Control measures for hookworms

A
  • Latrines
  • Shoes
  • Carbon tetrachloride (treated people with cleaning fluid)
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11
Q

Strongyloidiasis

A
  • Caused by strongyloides stercoralis
  • Considered a neglected disease in the US
  • Key to this is that it can cause autoinfection
  • Small intestine
  • larvae hatch out in small intestine, end up in stools and can infect others. These larvae can reinfect the individual = autoinfection.
  • Same anemia and other symptoms as hookworms.
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12
Q

How are geohelminth infections diagnosed?

A

Based upon larvae in stools.

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13
Q

Pin worm

A
  • Large bowel
  • Life span of 11-35 days
  • Gravid females migrate to perianal region at night and lay eggs –> infective within 6 hours
  • Fecal oral transmission. Can auto-infect self. Very contaminative.

Symptoms: perianal pruritis so kids cant sleep.

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14
Q

How long are pin worm eggs infective?

A

20 days

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15
Q

How do you diagnose pin worm infection?

A

Scotch tape across butt at night, then on a slide.

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16
Q

Lymphatic Filariasis

A

Key: Adults live 10-15 years in the lymphatics. Cause blockage of drainage of lymphatics –> swelling in legs (elephantiasis)

  • Infection by mosquito
  • Does not build up overnight.
17
Q

Larval stage of lymphatic filariasis

A

Called microfilaria - circulates in blood at night so that it can be picked up by mosquito.

18
Q

River blindness

A

Onchocerciasis

  • 2nd leading cause of blindness
  • blackfly bites -> larvae don’t move, they grow into adults and become a nodule.

Heavy infections will have one or more of 3 conditions:

  • skin rash
  • eye disease
  • nodules under skin
19
Q

Does blindness come from adults or larvae in river blindness?

A

Larvae migrating across the skin.

20
Q

Control of river blindness

A

Ivermectin treatment

21
Q

Trichinosis (trichinella spiralis)

A
  • from eating uncooked pork
  • domestic infection through pigs has become rare in US and Europe
  • larvae that you eat encyst in muscles, which is how you get the symptoms.
  • maintained in the wild in bears etc.
  • Death is rare but is due to myocarditis encephalitis and PNA

Most common cases of trichinosis come from wild meat, jerky or homemade sausage.

22
Q

Larval migrans (Toxocariasis)

A
  • neglected in US
  • Dog and cat infection… humans are accidental human hosts
  • Roundworms
  • Once they start migration in you, they realize that they don’t have the right signals and end up going everywhere randomly.
  • Never reach sexual maturity in us, so we can’t spread it.
23
Q

Schistosomiasis

A
  • in the mesentery and bladder
  • Adults do not cause the pathology - the eggs produced do.
  • Blood flukes (flatworms)
  • Live 10-20 years producing eggs that cause pathology
  • Very associated with water and snails.
  • Males and females live in copulo for life.
24
Q

Classic Symptoms of Schisto

A
  • Rash or itchy skin early
  • 1-2 months = chills, fever, cough, muscle aches
  • Later infection = anemia, malnutrition, hepatosplenomegaly
25
Q

Symptoms of Chronic schisto

A
  • abdominal pain
  • hepatosplenomegaly
  • Blood in stool or urine
  • Increased risk of bladder cancer
26
Q

S. haematobium , japonicum and mansoni locations

A

S. haematobium = mesenteric blood vessels of bladder
S. Japonicum = mesenteric blood vessels of intestine
S. mansoni = mesenteric blood vessels of intestine

27
Q

Pathogenesis of schisto

A

Egg deposition leads to granulomas. These can get out through the urine (via damage to the bladder wall) or feces

28
Q

Tapeworms

A

Infected typically do not have symptoms

  • Can get from inadequately cooked meat that contains infective larval stages
  • Diagnose from eggs in stool, or segments of worm in stool.
  • Not usually serious.
29
Q

Cysticercosis

A

= Pork tapeworm. beef guy doesn’t do this.

  • If you eat it, you can get larval stage… can end up in liver, brain, eyes, etc.
  • Most common cause of symptomatic epilepsy

Diagnosis = symptoms, biopsy, radiological tests, antibodies or PCR.

30
Q

Hydatid DIsease

A

= Echinococcosis

Big cysts

From eggs of canines

31
Q

Fish tapeworm

A
  • Adults compete for Vit B12 = anemia
  • Larvae found in salmon, trout, perch, white fish, eel, perch
  • Gefilte fish, ceviche, sushi,
  • In small intestine, shed up to a million eggs per day
  • Embyronate in water and go through 2 intermediate hosts and stages (crustacean and then a fish)
  • Little or no symptoms
32
Q

Hygeine Hypothesis

A

Increase in diagnosis of autoimmune diseases and allergies over 2nd half of 20th century

  • prevalence is higher in urban than rural
  • Environmental factors can be important but do not have consistent association with allergies and autoimmunities
  • Childhood infections show strong negative correlation with both autoimmune disease and allergies.

Erica's ID 3 (13 decks)

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