Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Erica's ID 3 > Medical Parasitology > Flashcards

Medical Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

What organisms are considered in parasitology?

A
  1. Protozoa (unicellular eurkaryots)
  2. Worms or helminths (Platyhelminthes, Nematodes)
  3. Arthropods (Ticks, mites)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tropical diseases affect which population the most?

A

the impoverished (mainly overlapped in developing countries, but it is in the US as well)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why do these infections remain in the US?

A
  • Quality of sanitation and quality of the water is not good

- Travel and immigration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Malaria is more present on which coast?

A

East coast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sources of parasitic infections

A
  1. Insect or Tick Bite
  2. Blood Transfusions
  3. Water contamination
  4. Contaminated food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Factors influencing the geography of parasitic infections

A
  1. Local ecology
    - local habitats
    - vectors (mosquitoes and ticks)
    - Reservoirs (animal and human)
  2. Local socioeconomic conditions
    - sanitation
    - water quality
    - how frequently exposed to vectors
    - local habits and customs
    - untreated carriers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Intestinal parasites

A
  • Amoeba
  • Flagellates
  • Cryptosporidium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Urogenital parasites

A

Trichomonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tissue parasites

A
  • Toxoplasma
  • Leishmania
  • Trypanosoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Blood parasites

A
  • Malaria
  • Trypanosomes
  • Babesiosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Eye and Brain parasites

A
  • Amoeba
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A
  • Causes Amoebiasis - causes diarrhea/dysentery
  • Extracellular parasite
  • Can lead to intestinal, liver and other amebic abcesses
  • Fecal-oral transmission
  • If remain in the lumen, not a problem. Invasive into mucosa leads to serious issues
  • Found in the US, but mostly industrialized countries
  • Can be transmitted by anal intercourse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

“Flask shaped ulcers”

A

Entamoeba hitolyitica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How long is E. histolytica viable?

A

Moist cool conditions = 12 days
In water = 9-30 days

As cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Are trophozoites infectious?

A

No, only from cysts!

The trophozoites die rapidly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Diagnostic differentiation of amoebae

A
  • Travel Hx and clinical signs
  • Demonstration in fecal samples (trichrome stain)
  • immunodiagnosis for stool antigen or serology
  • EIA & PCR (not used much)

Lots of amoebae don’t cause pathology - make sure you get the right diagnosis!

17
Q

If you travel internationally and you have your drink “on the rocks”, what are you more likely to get infected with?

A

Amoebas

they’re even resistant to chlorination

18
Q

Giardiasis

A
  • Extracellular parasite of large intestine
  • Caused by Giardia intestinalis
  • Key differentiators: gas, bloating, foul smelling greasy stools
19
Q

Pathogenesis of giardiasis?

A
  • Adherence of trophozoites to intestinal epithelium via an adhesive disk
  • Atrophy of villi and reduced surface for absorption
  • Hypersecretion of chloride ions and water in combo with malabsorption leads to diarrhea
20
Q

Fecal sample looks like 2 eyes and a funky mustache

A

Giardia intestinalis - you’re seeing the trophozoites

21
Q

If you have someone that presents with diarrhea and some bloating that lasts for more than 3 days, what should you consider?

A

Giardiasis is possible, but after 3 days, think cryptosporidiosis.

22
Q

Major sources of giardia

A
  • water and food
  • feces for fertilizer
  • cysts are hardy and can survive several months in cold water
  • 10-25 cysts sufficient for infection
  • Zoonosis (animals are hosts)
  • Seasonal peak during late summer
23
Q

Prevention of giardia

A
  • No vaccine
  • Water filtration
  • Chlorination is not effective
  • Sanitation
24
Q

Cryptosporidiosis

A
  • Infection of small intestine that causes diarrhea/dysentery
  • Fecal oral transmission
  • Intracellular parasite (gets in mucosa of intestine)
  • caused by cryptosporidium sp.
25
Q

What is the average incubation period for Cryptosporidium

A

7 days (ranges from 2-10)

26
Q

Clinical presentation of cryptosporidiosis

A
  • Watery diarrhea + dehydration + weight loss
  • abdominal pain, fever, n/v
  • more chronic and severe in immunocompromised patients
27
Q

Diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis

A
  • Clinical signs
  • Direct fluorescent antibody and enzyme immunoassay
  • Fecal analysis
28
Q

Major sources of cryptosporidiosis

A
  • Water and food, but mostly water
  • Oocysts can survive chlorination (water and pools arent safe!)
  • Zoonosis (many animal hosts)
  • Water treatment filtration breakdown (Caused Milwaukee)
29
Q

How long can crypto oocysts survive in chlorinated water?

A

10 days

30
Q

Trichomoniasis

A
  • Infection of urogenital tract (vagina and urethra in females, urethra, seminal vesicles & prostate in men)
  • Extracellular parasite that adheres to epithelia
  • Sexual or genital contact transmission
  • NO CYSTS, only trophozoites
31
Q

Incubation period and presentation of trichomoniasis

A
  • Incubation = 5-28 days
  • Vaginitis with a purulent discharge + vulvar and cervical lesions, abdominal pain, dysuria and dysparen=unia
  • Frequently asymptomatic in males, but can have urethritis, epididymitis, prostatitis
32
Q

Trich complications in women

A
  1. Increased HIV transmission and infectivity
  2. Tubal infertility, atypical PID
  3. Risk of cervical cancer
  4. Association with preterm birth and premature rupture of membrane and low birthweight infants
33
Q

Trich complications in men

A
  1. Increased HIV transmission and infectivity
  2. Urethritis
  3. Infertility - motility and viability
34
Q

Diagnosis of trich

A
  • Discharge, strawberry cervix
  • Visualization of motile parasite in vaginal secretion (40-60% sensitivity)
  • Culture in special media BUT takes 3-7 days
  • Antigen detection
  • DNA based tests and PCR
35
Q

Epidemiology and Prevention of trich

A
  • No vaccine
  • High risk groups: prison, African American, Drug users, Sex workers
  • Prevalence increases with age
  • Condoms
  • No cysts, only trophozoites
36
Q

Opportunistic protozoa

A
  • Acanthamoeba (brain, eye)

- Naegleria fowleri (nose to brain)

37
Q

Naegleria fowleri

A

Cause of primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) - “brain eating amoeba” - lethal

Usually someone diving that has the amoeba in the water go up the nose to the brain

38
Q

Acanthamoeba sp.

A
  • Granulomatous amebic encephalitis, esp in immunosuppresed patients.
  • Keratitis, particularly assoc with corneal injuries and wearing contact lenses (especially the 30 day contact lenses)
39
Q

What does opportunistic mean in this case?

A

They are in the right place at the right time, infecting the right thing…. you don’t have to be immunocompromised.

Erica's ID 3 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions